Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Religious Studies > Philosophy > Flashcards

Philosophy Flashcards

(118 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Religious belief as a product of the human mind - Archetypes.

A

Characteristics and ideas that we all have in common.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Religious belief as a product of the human mind - Freud quote on communion.

A

“…the ceremony of the totem feast still survives with but little distortion in the form of communion.”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Religious belief as a product of the human mind - Hick quote.

A

“The Freudian theory of religion may be true but it has not been shown to be.”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Religious belief as a product of the human mind - Jung quote on the collective unconscious.

A

“The ‘collective unconscious’… this part of the unconscious is not individual but universal.”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Religious belief as a product of the human mind - Popper quote.

A

“A subjective feeling of the truth is no support for its being accepted as a hypothesis.”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Religious belief as a product of the human mind - Jung quote on his patients.

A

“Among all my patients… none of them has been really healed who did not regain his religious outlook.”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Religious belief as a product of the human mind - Individuation.

A

Bringing all traits togethers to the integrated self.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Religious belief as a product of the human mind - Freud quote on Oedipus.

A

“We recognise that the roots for the need for religion are in the parental complex.”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The Problem of Evil - what is the statistical problem of evil?

A

Gregory Paul estimated 50 billion children have died since Moses before the ‘age of mature consent’ - pointless?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The Problem of Evil - what is the evidential problem of evil?

A

Rowe’s idea that intense suffering + animal suffering e.g. a fawn caught in a forest fire, are wrong since no moral gain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The Problem of Evil - Epicurus quote (logical problem).

A

“Is God willing, but not able? Then he is not omnipotent. Is he able but not willing? Then he is malevolent. Is he both able and willing? Then whence come evil? Is he neither able nor willing? Then why call him God?”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The Problem of Evil - Stephen Fry quote.

A

“Why should I respect a capricious, mean-minded, stupid God that creates a world that is so full of injustice and pain?”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The Problem of Evil - Philosophers.

A

Stephen Fry, Epicurus, Mackie (inconsistent triad), Rowe, Paul, Plantinga.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Augustinian theodicy - Ex-nihilo.

A

God made the world from nothing => humans have the ability to decay back to nothing (by turning away).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Augustinian theodicy - Augustine quote on why evil.

A

“God judged it to be better to bring good out of evil than to not permit any evil to exist.”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Augustinian theodicy - Augustine quote on privatio boni.

A

“Vice in the soul are nothing but privations of natural good.”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Iranaean theodicy - Anne Frank quote.

A

“God [has caused our suffering]…God, too who will raise us up again.”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Iranaean theodicy - Iraneous quote.

A

“The harder we strive, so much is it the more valuable.” (lil encouragement for revision there, Joel #25percentextratime xx.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Iranaean theodicy - ‘Soul-making’.

A

We need to develop into the Likeness of God - Swinburne said we could only experience supreme good if extreme evil exists. Hick thought suffering was for development too.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Iranaean theodicy - Genesis 1:26.

A

“Let us make human kind in our image, according to our likeness.”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

‘a priori’

A

Without evidence or experience, theoretical deduction rather than from observation or experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

‘a posteriori’

A

Reasoning based on evidence and observations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Ontological argument: Criticism scholars

A

Gaunilo, Kant, Descartes, G.E. Moore, Malcolm, Hume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Ontological argument: Gaunilo quote

A

The greater fool… him, if he should suppose that he had established with any certainty the existence of this island

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Ontological argument: 'Reductio ad absurbum'
Gaunilo's criticism that if the conclusion were accepted it would be absurd logic - eg. island
26
Ontological argument: Development philosophers
Descartes, Malcolm, Plantinga
27
Ontological argument: Malcom quote
God's existence is either impossible or necessary
28
Ontological argument: Descartes quote
There is not any less repugnance to our conceiving a God to whom existence is lacking, than to conceive of a mountain which has no valley
29
Ontological argument: Psalm 14
Fools say to themselves "There is no God"
30
Ontological argument: Anselm quote
For I do not seek to understand that I may believe, but I believe in order to understand
31
Ontological argument: What was Anselm's work called
The 'Proslogion'
32
Ontological argument: Anselm's description of God
'A being than which nothing greater can be conceived'
33
Inherent problems with religious language: Cognitive
Makes a factual assertion, that can be proved true or false, or are treated as if they can be proved true or false
34
Inherent problems with religious language: Philosophers
Hume, Aquinas, Swinburne, Braithwait
35
Inherent problems with religious language: Hume
"If we take i our hand any volume of divinity of school metaphysics... commit it then to the flames: for it can contain nothing but sophistry and illusion"
36
Inherent problems with religious language: Non-Cognitive
Makes claims or observations that are not to be interpreted as if they are talking about an objective reality. They can be said through non-literal mode of expression
37
Religious language as cognitive, but meaningless: Falsification
Popper felt that in science something was true until evidence was against it => Flew's idea that a statement is only meaningful if there could be evidence that could count against it.
38
Religious language as cognitive, but meaningless: Philosophers
Vienna Cicle, Schlick, Ayer, Popper, Flew, Hick, Hare, Mitchell, Swinburne
39
Religious language as cognitive, but meaningless: Flew
"Just how does what you call an invisible, intangible, eternally elusive gardener differ from and imaginary gardener or even no gardener at all"
40
Religious language as cognitive, but meaningless: Swinburne
"Some of the toys which to all appearances stay in the toy cupboard while people are asleep and no one is watching, actually get up and dance" - not verifiable or falsifiable, yet still can be understood as meaningful
41
Religious language as cognitive, but meaningless: Verification
Schlick's idea that we know something is meaningful if we know how to verify it
42
Religious language as cognitive, but meaningless: Bliks
Hare's idea that religious language is meaningful since it influences people's lives
43
Religious language as cognitive, but meaningless: Vienna circle
"meaning can be determined... through the reduction to the simplest statement about the empirically given"
44
Religious language as cognitive, but meaningless: Ayer
"a sentence is factually significant... if he knows what observations would lead him... to accept the proposition as being true or reject it as being false" - verification
45
Religious language as non-cognitive, and analogical: Aquinas
"When we say God is good we mean nothing more than God is and is the cause off goodness" - Analogy of attribution
46
Religious language as non-cognitive, and analogical: Equivocal
Words or phrases have multiple meanings - risk God too different from humans that we never understand him
47
Religious language as non-cognitive, and analogical: 'models' and 'qualifiers'
Ramsey's idea - we use 'models' to express what God is, eg. 'loving', but qualifiers to show it as distinctive, eg 'infinitely'
48
Religious language as non-cognitive, and analogical: Analogy of proportion
We posses qualities that are similar to God's - since we are made in his image - but these are to a lesser proportion
49
Religious language as non-cognitive, and analogical: Philosophers
Aquinas, Ramsey, Hume
50
Religious language as non-cognitive, and analogical: Univocal
Words have only on meaning - Aquinas said this leads to anthropomorphism
51
Influence of Rex on religious practice and faith: Philosophers
Hardy, Schaff, Momen
52
Influence of Rex on religious practice and faith: Momen
"Ritual is probably the most common source of religious experience for the majority of people"
53
Influence of Rex on religious practice and faith: Schaff
"The resurrection of Christ is therefore emphatically a test question upon which depends the truth or falsehood of the Christian religion"
54
Influence of Rex on religious practice and faith: Exodus 19:3
"Then Moses went up to God; The Lord called to him"
55
Influence of Rex on religious practice and faith: Hardy
"there is another dimension to life...awareness of its presence affects the person's view of the world" - awareness is given by religious experience
56
(New) Atheism: Philosophers
Hitchens, Dawkins, Harris, Gould, McGrath
57
(New) Atheism: Dawkins
"We thought if people needed a crutch for consolation, where's the harm? September 11 changed all that"
58
(New) Atheism: Fact
100 million have been killed by atheist and secular groups in the 20th century alone - 100 times the amount killed by Christians since the crusades
59
(New) Atheism: Gould
"Either half my colleagues are enormously stupid, or else the science of Darwinism is fully compatible with conventional religious belief - and equally compatible with atheism"
60
(New) Atheism: Hitchens
"I'm not even an atheist so much as I am an anti-theist...religious belief, is positively harmful"
61
(New) Atheism: New Atheism
Belief that theism is a threat to the human race
62
Challenges to Rel. Ex: Philosophers
Davis, Swinburne, Freud, Vienna Circle
63
Challenges to Rel. Ex: Swinburne
"We ought to believe that things are as they seem to be, until we have evidence that we are mistaken"
64
Challenges to Rel. Ex: Principle of Credulity
Swinburne's idea that we should trust religious experiences unless there is proof against them
65
Challenges to Rel. Ex: Principle of Testimony
Unless there are special considerations, Swinburne says it is reasonable to trust the person's claimed Experience is true
66
Challenges to Rel. Ex: Davis
"There are challenges...even by members of their own tradition with widely differing views"
67
Mystical experience: Philosophers
William James, Bonaventure, Rudolf Otto
68
Mystical experience: Otto
"'The Holy'...contains a quite specific element or 'moment' which sets it apart from 'The Rational'...and which remains inexpressible" - the 'numinous'
69
Mystical experience: James
"Personal religious experience has its root and centre in mystical states of consciousness"
70
Mystical experience: Ineffability
James says that mystical experiences cannot be put into words
71
Mystical experience: Passive
According to James, there is a loss of control involved due to a divine power
72
The nature of religious experience: Philosophers
St Augustine, Stace, Teresa of Avila, C.S. Lewis
73
The nature of religious experience: Teresa of Avila
"[God} roots up the weeds and will put in good plants instead"
74
The nature of religious experience: Vision
Something out of ordinary sight, with external objects, figures, sounds etc.
75
The nature of religious experience: Stace
"they [mystical experiences] involve the apprehension of an ultimate non-sensuous unity in all things"
76
The nature of religious experience: Augustine
"it was as though the light of confidence flooded my heart"
77
Challenges to inductive arguments: Philosophers
Russell, Hume, Terry Pratchett, Epicurus, Darwin
78
Challenges to inductive arguments: Terry Pratchett
"In the beginning there was nothing, which exploded"
79
Challenges to inductive arguments: Epicurian hypothesis
the idea that atoms reorder themselves infinitely many times, occasionally forming what looks like order
80
Challenges to inductive arguments: Hume
"Surely you will not affirm, that the universe bears such a resemblance to a house"
81
Challenges to inductive arguments: Russell
"Just because every human has a mother does not mean the whole of humanity has a mother"
82
Teleological argument: Philosophers
Aquinas, Paley, Tennant, Brown, Swinburne, Darwin, Mill, Hume
83
Teleological argument: Darwin
"The old argument for design in nature as given by Paley...fails now that the law of natural selection has been discovered"
84
Teleological argument: Aesthetic principle
We appreciate beauty - but there is no need for this for survival. This implies God put it there.
85
Teleological argument: Weak anthropic principle
God created the constants for life but humans were an accident
86
Teleological argument: Strong anthropic principle
God created the constants for life knowing humans would evolve
87
Teleological argument: Brown
"the ozone gas layer is a mighty proof of the creator's forethought"
88
Teleological argument: Anthropic principle
Tennant says: the world can be rationally analysed; it contains the basics for life; process of evolution led to intelligent design, therefore creator.
89
Teleological argument: Design qua regularity
There are universal laws, this implies an external agent imposed order
90
Teleological argument: Design qua purpose
Paley says the watch's parts are intricately put together for a purpose, the same is true for the eye.
91
Cosmological argument: Philosophers
Aristotle, Aquinas, Swinburne, Hume, Mackie, William Lane Craig
92
Cosmological argument: Hume
"The cosmological argument could prove that more than one God exists"
93
Cosmological argument: Aquinas
"It is necessary to arrive at a first mover, moved by no other"
94
Cosmological argument: Aristotle
"Nothing can come from nothing"
95
Wittgenstein: Language Games: Philosophers
Wittgenstein, Hume, Rhees
96
Wittgenstein: Language Games: Hume
"When the cases are less than perfectly alike....we may eventually reach a very weak analogy"
97
Wittgenstein: Language Games: Wittgenstein on 'family resemblence'
"We see a complicated network of similarities overlapping and criss-crossing"
98
Wittgenstein: Language Games: Wittgenstein on Anti-realism
"The meaning of a word is its use in the language"
99
Wittgenstein: Language Games: Anti-realism
The view that truth lies in whether something fits in with the view of a community
100
Mythological language: Philosophers
Matt, Freund, Iranaeus, Barbour, Momen, Jung, Bultman
101
Mythological language: Bultman
"Can Christian preaching expect modern man to accept the mythical view of the world as true? To do so would be both senseless and impossible"
102
Mythological language: Barbour
"Myths evoke commitment to ethical norm and policies of action"
103
Mythological language: Matt
"[Myth is] a story imagined or true, that helps us make sense of reality"
104
Religious language as non-cognitive and symbolic: Philosophers
Randall, Tillich, Edwards, Vienna Circle and Logical Positivists
105
Religious language as non-cognitive and symbolic: 4 functions of symbol
1) Bind community through common response 2) Communicate qualities of experience that can't be expressed using literal language 3) Provoke emotional response and give motivation 4) Clarify and reveal human experience of the divine
106
Religious language as non-cognitive and symbolic: Tillich- problems
"[metaphors do] not automatically tell us what he [the author] does mean or whether in fact he means anything at all"
107
Religious language as non-cognitive and symbolic: Tillich - ultimate concern
"Symbolic language alone is able to express the ultimate"
108
Religious language as non-cognitive and symbolic: Symbol
Something which points beyond itself to a deeper level of reality
109
Religious language as non-cognitive and symbolic: Randall
"[religious language is] imaginative and figurative ways of conceiving the relations of men and their ideals"
110
Hume vs Swinburne on miracles: Philosophers
Hume, Swinburne, Flew
111
Hume vs Swinburne on miracles: Swinburne
Laws of nature are those that "any modification of them ...[would] upset the whole structure of science"
112
Hume vs Swinburne on miracles: Hume
There has never been a "miracle attested by a sufficient number of men, of such unquestioned good sense, education and learning"
113
Definitions of miracles: Philosophers
Aquinas, Hume, McKinnon, Holland, Swinburne
114
Definitions of miracles: Fact
The shrine in Lourdes (catholic) recorded 69 verified miracles
115
Definitions of miracles: Swinburne
"An occurrence of a non-repeatable counter-instance to natural law"
116
Definitions of miracles: Contingency miracles
Holland's idea that something is only a miracle if it is interpreted that way
117
Definitions of miracles: Hume
"A transgression of a law of nature by a particular volition of the deity"
118
Definitions of miracles: Aquinas
"A miracle is...that which has a divine cause"

Religious Studies (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions