Philosophy lecture 2

Question 1

Philosophia

philo means?

Answer 1

love

Question 2

Philosophia

sophia means?

Answer 2

knowledge

Question 3

Philosophia

Philosophy means?

Answer 3

love for knowledge or wisdom

Question 4

What are philosophers?

Answer 4

those who have a love for knowledge

Question 5

Philosophy comes from the greek words (blank) and (blank)

Answer 5

✓ Philia(love,desire for, interestin)
✓ Sofia(wisdom)
✓ Philiaand Sofia join by Pythagoras-600 B.C

Question 6

What is Episteme?

Answer 6

knowledge

Question 7

Give 3 Practicality of Philosophy

Answer 7

• Systematic, rational, and universal thinking.
• Free from tradition; based on logic and reasoning.
• Encourages problem-solving and thorough analysis.

Question 7

What is wisdom?

Answer 7

deep understanding, basic awareness

Question 7

(blank) was said to have been the first man to call himself a philosopher;

Answer 7

Pythagoras

Question 8

What is knowledge?

Answer 8

collection of information from experience

Question 9

“… only through knowledge can man attain the real truth.”

who said this

Answer 9

PLATO

Question 10

According to Pythagoras, men and women of the world could be classified into 3 groups:

Answer 10

1) those that love pleasure
2) those that love activity
3) those that love wisdom

Question 11

“The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing .” WHO SAID THIS?

Answer 11

Socrates

Question 12

“… knowledge which encompasses truth. … contains (382SM- 322SM) metaphysics, logic, rhetoric, ethics, economics, politics and aesthetics.

who said this?

Answer 12

socrates

Question 13

“… knowledge about the physical universe.”

who said this

Answer 13

Al-Farabi

Question 14

Explain metaphysics

Answer 14

Investigates the nature of reality, existence, and the universe.

e.g What is truth? What is mankind?

Question 14

What are the branches of philosophy? Give 4

Answer 14

Metaphysics
Axiology
Epistemology
Logic

Question 15

Explain axiology

Answer 15

Examines ethics, aesthetics, and social values.

e.g What is goodness? What is beauty?

Question 16

Explain epistemology

Answer 16

Explores the nature, sources, and validity of knowledge.

e.g What is knowledge? What are the sources of knowledge?

Question 17

Explain aesthetics

Answer 17

study of beauty and art

Question 17

Explain logic

Answer 17

• Examines principles of valid reasoning and argument.
• Helps differentiate between valid and fallacious arguments.
• Fundamental to all other branches of philosophy.

e.g What is good reasoning? Not so good reasoning?

Question 17

Explain ethics

Answer 17

study of morality (right vs wrong)

• Descriptive ethics (observing moral behavior)
• Normative ethics (what ought to be)
• Metaethics (analysis of moral language and reasoning)

Question 18

What is normative ethics?

Answer 18

• Here philosophers try to work out acceptable judgments regarding what ought to be in choice and value.
• “We ought to keep our promises” and “you ought to be honorable” are examples of normative judgments— of the moral ought, the subject matter of ethics.

CHATGPT:

Normative Ethics (What ought to be)

Normative ethics goes beyond observation and asks what people should do. It tries to establish general moral principles that guide human behavior. It deals with ethical theories such as:

Deontology (duty-based ethics, e.g., Kant’s philosophy—”always tell the truth”)

Utilitarianism (consequence-based ethics, e.g., “do what brings the greatest happiness to the greatest number”)

Virtue Ethics (character-based ethics, e.g., “a good person is honest, courageous, and compassionate”)

✅ Examples:

“We ought to be honest in our dealings.”
“Stealing is wrong because it violates others’ rights.”
“Doctors should always prioritize patient well-being over profits.”

💡 Key point: Normative ethics focuses on moral judgments and principles—what is right and wrong based on reasoned arguments.

Question 18

What is descriptive ethics?

Answer 18

Slide: consider the conduct of individuals, or personal morality; the conduct of groups, or social morality; and the culture patterns of national and racial groups.

CHATGPT: 1. Descriptive Ethics (What is)
Descriptive ethics is an empirical approach that studies how people behave and what moral beliefs they actually hold. It does not judge whether those beliefs are right or wrong but rather observes and records moral practices across individuals, groups, and cultures.

✅ Examples:

Anthropologists studying how different cultures view honesty or justice.

Surveys on moral attitudes toward controversial topics like abortion or capital punishment.

Research on corporate ethics and how businesses handle ethical dilemmas.

💡 Key point: Descriptive ethics is more like sociology or psychology—it tells us what people believe rather than what they should believe.

Question 19

Explain methaethics

Answer 19

Metaethics (What does good mean?) Metaethics is not concerned with what is right or wrong but rather with the nature of morality itself. It analyzes ethical language, concepts, and reasoning. ✅ Key Questions in Metaethics: What does “good” or “evil” really mean? Are moral values objective (independent of human opinion) or subjective (based on personal or cultural views)? Can ethical statements be true or false in the same way as factual statements? ✅ Examples: “When we say ‘lying is wrong,’ are we making a factual claim, or is it just an expression of personal disapproval?” “Do moral principles exist outside of human thought, or are they social constructs?” “Can we prove that something is morally right or wrong through logic?” 💡 Key point: Metaethics is like the philosophy of ethics—it questions the meaning and justification of ethical beliefs rather than prescribing moral rules.

Question 20

LOGIC inferences are made by...

Answer 20

construction of arguments

Question 21

LOGIC (blank) determines which arguments are VALID and which are FALACIES

Answer 21

Rules of Logic

Question 22

Talk about socrates (469-399 bc)

Answer 22

Philosopher known for critical reasoning and commitment to truth. Served as a soldier in the Peloponnesian War and later became a sculptor. Spent his life discussing philosophy on topics like knowledge, values, and politics. Taught freely without charging money, attracting many young followers. Accused of corrupting youth and interfering with religion, sentenced to death. Chose to drink hemlock poison and died among his friends

Question 23

Talk about Plato (427-347 BC)

Answer 23

Plato (427-347 BC) - Key Points Student of Socrates and teacher of Aristotle. Wrote "Dialogues" (about Socrates) and "The Republic", covering ethics, politics, psychology, epistemology, and metaphysics. Founded the Academy (385 BC), the world’s first university, offering subjects like Astronomy, Biology, Math, Politics, and Philosophy. Plato’s Views on Teaching Teachers should be caring, sensitive, and responsible in delivering truth-based knowledge. Teaching Stages: Early stage: Use the Socratic method to help students overcome difficulties. Middle stage: Still use Socratic method but focus on Plato’s own ideas (knowledge, soul, political theory). Final stage: Emphasize metaphysics and logical reasoning. "The Republic" - Ideal Society Society should have three classes: Guardians (leaders/philosophers) Traders (businessmen) Craftsmen (workers)

Question 24

Talk about Aristotle (384-322)

Answer 24

Aristotle (384-322 BC) - Key Points Greek philosopher, student of Plato, teacher of Alexander the Great. Studied at Plato’s Academy for 20 years, later taught rhetoric there. Wrote on education, physics, politics, arts, biology, and poetry. Founded his own school, the Lyceum, where he taught and conducted research. Teaching method: Morning: Advanced discussions for students. Afternoon: General discussions for the public. Taught while walking, not standing in front of students. Collected knowledge across many fields, setting up a library for historical artifacts. Believed culture and God were not in conflict. His works became a virtual encyclopedia of Greek knowledge.

Question 25

Talk about Mahamat Gandhi

Answer 25

**Mahatma Gandhi (1869-1948) - Key Points** - **Real Name:** Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi - **Born:** Porbandar, Gujarat, India - **Education:** Law degree from University College London. - **Work:** Worked in South Africa for an Indian firm and fought for the rights of Indian migrants. **Gandhi’s Struggles & Key Events:** 1. **1896-1914: Rights for Indian Migrants in South Africa** - Fought for autonomy and political rights, using **passive resistance** and **non-cooperation**. - Successfully got the South African government to recognize Indian marriages and abolish poll taxes. 2. **1919-1931: Campaign Against British Rule in India** - Led **non-violent resistance** and **non-cooperation** movements after World War I. 3. **1932: Voting Rights for Dalits** - Fought for the rights of Dalits (excluded from the caste system) by fasting until their demands were met. 4. **1944: Independence for India** - Negotiated between the **Congress Party** and the **Muslim League**, ultimately agreeing to their claims. 5. **1948: Peace in New Delhi** - Fasted for peace after disturbances in New Delhi, showing his dedication to **non-violence**. **Key Principles & Legacy** - Gandhi became the **voice of the oppressed**, advocating for **ahimsa (non-violence)**, **truth**, and **non-resistance**. - His ideas are still followed by many and are regarded almost as a **religion**. Would you like a more detailed breakdown of any event? 😊