Phonetic Terminology Flashcards
(48 cards)
Phonetics
study of sounds in speech
Phone
“speech sound”
Phoneme
A specific realization of a speech sound with a different meaning; “a class of speech sounds identified by a native speaker as the same sound; a mental entity (or category) related to various allophones by phonological rules”
Distinctive Phonemones
All native speakers consider different Phonemes to be different, regardless of how they are actually pronounced, and they make a difference in sense.
Nondistinctive Phonemes
Native speakers do not consider nondistinctive sounds to be different speech sounds even if they are pronounced differently
phonemics
study of phonemes
Allophones
two or more non distinctive variants. ““Nondistinctive realizations of the same phoneme”.
Allophones are not phones: Unit of sounds
Complementary Distribution
No overlap in environment
Free Variation
Overlap possible; either can occur; leap as [lip] or [lip’] (unreleased stop)
Allomorphs
Two or more “nondistinctive realizations of a particular morpheme that have the same function and are phonetically similar.” They may sound different or look different, but they mean the same thing.
Remember! AlloMORPHS are Morphemes: Unit of meaning; these are typically bound morphemes
Exs: Past tense -ed: trackED, LaughED, needED
Minimal Set (or Minimal Pair, or Contrastive Pair)
Two or more words contrasting in exactly one phoneme
Dipthong
Combinations of vowel sounds; sound produced by sliding from one vowel to another
Exs: the vowels in fine, joy
Glottal Stop
Interruption in air instead of a sound; represented like this
Virgule
Slash around phonemes to show it is the phoneme being represented, not the grapheme; looks like this: /
Phonemic Sound Change
Change resulting in a new or lost phoneme in a language
Phonetic Sound Change
Change in production of allophones; does not affect “phonological inventory of the language”
Voiced
vocal cords vibrate in producing the sound;
includes all vowels, the fricatives, the plosives, the affricate, all the nasals, both liquids, both glides
Unvoiced
Vocal cords do not vibrate in producing the sound;
includes
Fricatives
Consonants made by forcing air between two articulators that are close together. The voiced fricatives all have corresponding voiceless fricatives (but not the reverse: /h/ has no correspoding voiced fricative in Modern English)
Plosives
Also known as stops; consonants produced by stopping the air
Affricates
Consonants that begin with the air stopped but then turn into fricatives; they are sometimes with symbols that represent the stop and the fricative combined.
Nasals
Consonants produced by stopping the flow of air and redirecting it through the nose. All nasals are voiced.
Liquids
The consonants the ancients considered most “slippery”; they are found in more constantal clusters than most consonants. Our liquids are both voiced
Glides
Consonants articulated much like vowels but the cannot stand as the only vowel in a syllable in Modern English. They are sometimes called APPROXIMATE because they “approximate” vowels; they are also sometimes called SEMIVOWELS. They are all voiced.
