Phonetics Flashcards

Question

Flap

Answer 1

Tip of tongue rapidly contacts the roof of mouth once, then returns to the floor of the mouth along the same path.

Answer 2

**Articulators** are very **close together.** **Continuous** but **constricted** airflow through the mouth. Produces more turbulent, hissing sound.

Answer 3

Complete stoppage of air followed by slow release. Stop immediately followed by a fricative. One speech sounds even though two symbols represent it.

Answer 4

Narrowing the channel for airflow but not as much as fricatives. Lacks the audible “friction” of fricatives.

Answer 5

**Stricture** is in the **center** of the mouth and the **airstream** flows **over the sides** of the tongue.

Answer 6

Nasal stops [m], [n], [ŋ].

Answer 7

Approximants [j] and [w] very vowel-like, no contact between articulators a.k.a., semivowels or semi consonants.

Answer 8

Term for grouping consonants Umbrella term for l and r sounds.

Answer 9

Study of the production, acoustic properties, and perception of speech sounds.

Answer 10

Study of sound patterns and organization.

Answer 11

Study of the structure of words.

Answer 12

Study of the structure of sentences.

Answer 13

Physiological mechanisms of speech production. Spoken languages are built from sounds

Answer 14

Physical properties of sound waves produced in speech.

Answer 15

Perception of sound, including what happens in the ear, auditory nerve, and brain during speech perception.

Answer 16

Air drawn into lungs

Answer 17

Air then pushed outward

Answer 18

Voice box. Structure of cartilage and muscle where speech sounds originate. Contains vocal folds and glottis.

Answer 19

Air passages above the larynx - Pharynx - Oral - Nasal

Answer 20

Tube between larynx and the oral tract

Answer 21

The mouth and pharynx

Answer 22

Passage from velic port up through nose

Answer 23

An individual speech sound

Answer 24

Little obstruction of airflow More sonorous More acoustic powers, intrinsic intensity

Answer 25

More obstruction of airflow

Answer 26

Vowels have very little obstruction of the airflow, consonants have more obstruction of airflow.

Answer 27

Vowels are more sonorous.

Answer 28

Height Backness Tenseness Rounding

Answer 29

Voicing Nasality Place of articulation Manner of articulation

Answer 30

How high the body of the tongue is in the mouth. High, Mid, Low

Answer 31

Where the highest point of the tongue is Front, Central, Back

Answer 32

How **extreme** the **tongue gesture** is such as greater constriction and a longer duration. Tense, Lax

Answer 33

If the lips are rounded during pronunciation. Rounded, Unrounded IPA Chart: Grey cells are rounded vowels

Answer 34

Simple vowels (Monophthongs) Diphthongs

Answer 35

**Do not** show a noticeable change in **quality**. IPA: Whole chart, Single symbols [e] and [o] are usually pronounced as diphthongs but are considered simple vowels.

Answer 36

Exhibit a **change in quality** during production **Tongue moves** during articulation IPA: On the side of chart, Two symbols Written with two letters, but considered to be a single vowel (Backwards it is still a single vowel, Vowel version of affricates, Exception to the IPA rule that there is one symbol representing one speech sound)

Answer 37

"weak" High Front Tense Not rounded

Answer 38

"big" Hight Front Lax Not rounded

Answer 39

"ay" "late" Mid Front Tense Not rounded

Answer 40

"bed" Mid Front Lax Not rounded

Answer 41

"hat" Low Front Lax Not rounded

Answer 42

"uh" "mut" Mid Central Lax Not rounded

Answer 43

"again" "system" "about" Mid Central Lax Not rounded

Answer 44

"goose" High Back Tense Rounded

Answer 45

"put" High Back Lax Rounded

Answer 46

"faux" Mid Back Tense Rounded

Answer 47

"aww" Mid Back Lax Rounded

Answer 48

"ahhh" Low Lax Back Not rounded

Answer 49

"high" Diphthong

Answer 50

"cow" Diphthong

Answer 51

"boy" Diphthong

Answer 52

Soft palate

Answer 53

Flap in pharynx

Answer 54

At back of throat

Answer 55

"way" Diphthong

Answer 56

Relatively simple set of symbols to represent segments

Answer 57

Represents more phonetic details. Can help portray differences between dialects Same word, **no difference in meaning** , but there is a **difference in pronunciation** Broad: [gɑtən] Narrower: [gɑtʰn̩] vs. [gɑɾn̩] vs. [gɑʔn̩]

Answer 58

Narrow transcription The delay in onset of voicing after release for certain stops P, T, K at beginning of word need aspiration “Pit” can feel on hand, uses little h “Spit” can not feel on hand, [splittleit]

Answer 59

Narrow transcription Tense mid vowels [e] and [o] usually pronounced as diphthongs Change symbol to use diphthongs

Answer 60

Narrow transcription The stop [t] is often pronounced as a glottal stop Mountain moun-in

Answer 61

Narrow transcription Flapping < metal > < medal > [t] or [d] between vowels becomes a flap when the first vowel is stressed ɾ is in between t and d “writer”

Answer 62

Narrow transcription Line under letters [l, ɹ, m, n, ng] are liquid/nasal and can be the center of a syllable In **unstressed,** at the **end of words** (most of the time), after a consonant Think of it as [ə] plus a nasal or liquid: [hɪdən] → [hɪdn̩] Can happen at beginning of words too “Early”

Answer 63

Aspects of speech that **extend beyond individual consonants** and **vowels** (segments) and affect larger units Pitch Length Loudness

Answer 64

Rate of vibration of the vocal folds Faster vibration=higher pitch Occurs on a scale from low to high Includes **intonation** and **tone**

Answer 65

Pitch pattern that signals grammatical or semantic information above the word level. In english: Falling intonation at end of sentence means a period and rising intonation at end of sentence means a question mark Other languages are opposite, some languages have no rising intonation.

Answer 66

Pitch differences at the **word level** that signal a difference in meaning. Most of the world’s languages (60-70%) are tonal languages (Mandarin has four tones, English has none) IPA marks tone Types of tone **Register/level:** A single level pitch in one syllable At most five different tones per language Usually only three (high, mid, low) **Contour:** A rise or fall in pitch in one syllable A given language can use many contour tone contrasts

Answer 67

Duration of a segment. In many languages, length affects meaning of words Consonants and vowels can be lengthened IPA marks length by : (but two triangles facing inwards)

Answer 68

Volume of a segment **No language** uses loudness alone to signal changes in word meaning Loudness may be used as **one component** of signaling changes in meaning **Stress:** The perceived prominence of a syllable within a multi-syllable word. Could **combine** with other suprasegmental properties (Higher pitch (or other distinctive pitch), Longer duration, Louder volume, More peripheral vowel quality (e.g., tenseness)) IPA marks primary stress by **‘** before the stressed syllable **Stress is very important in english**

Answer 69

Speaker tries to maximize ease of production Sounds may become blended

Answer 70

Speaker maximizes distinctiveness of segments in order to facilitate perception

Answer 71

How the word is stored in the mind /t/ sometimes pronounced [tʰ], [t], [ɾ], [t̚], [ʔ]

Answer 72

How the word is actually pronounced

Answer 73

Assimilation Dissimilation Deletion Insertion/epenthesis Metathesis Vowel reduction

Answer 74

When one segment becomes more like a neighbording segment Progressive Regressive Intervocalic/interconsonantal

Answer 75

A feature spreads forward Liquids become voiceless following a voiceless stop

Answer 76

A feature spreads backward Vowels become nasalized before a nasal consonant Voiceless stops become voiced before a voiced stop

Answer 77

Feature spreads in wards from in between 2 vowels or 2 consonants Segment picks up features of surrounding Vs or Cs Consonants turn into fricatives when in between vowels

Answer 78

One segment becomes less like a neighboring segment. Less common Avoiding have two consecutive alveolar segments Mid vowels become high vowels before low vowels

Answer 79

ne segment is removed in a particular environment Very common across all languages Schwa can be deleted Consonant is deleted when next to another

Answer 80

One segment is inserted in a particular environment Very common across all languages Oral stop is often inserted between a nasal and fricative

Answer 81

Segments are reordered Happens overtime as languages change Brid→bird

Answer 82

Unstressed vowel is articulated more toward the center of the vowel space, typically as schwa Can happen overtime too

Answer 83

The **group of speech segments** used in a language. **No language** uses **all** the possible sounds found in the world Can only sample about 8% of the world’s languages Can infer how to other sounds sound based on ipa chart

Answer 84

English has 26 consonants More Cs and Vs than “average” Avg is ~19-25 consonants Some consonants used in english are very common Oral [p/b, t/d, k/g] nasal [m,n] English uses sound that are not common [θ, ð] Retroflex Uvular Pharyngeal Non-pulmonnic

Answer 85

Articulated w/ **tongue curled** a bit behind the **alveolar ridge** Sagittal diagram shows [ɖ] (da but with tongue curled) About 20 percent of languages have retroflex Cs Commonly found in India

Answer 86

Articulated **farther back** in the vocal tract: involve the **uvula** Sagittal diagram shows [ʁ] About 17 percent of languages have uvular Cs

Answer 87

Articulated **farther back:** involve the **back wall of pharynx** Much less common: about 4 percent of languages have pharyngeal Cs

Answer 88

Do not draw air in or push air out Includes Clicks, implosives, and ejectives

Answer 89

Type of nonpulmonic consonant Airstream mechanism: **velaric** (or lingual) **ingressive** (air drawn in) The rarest consonant sounds How clicks are articulated: Two closures are made to trap a small amount of air Tongue lowers, creating a vacuum Front closure is released, causing air to rush in

Answer 90

Articulation involves **adjustments with the larynx** . Called “glottalized” consonants. More common than clicks **Larynx moves down** to **briefly draw air into** the mouth Mostly found in African and Southeast Asian languages

Answer 91

Articulation involves **adjustments with the larynx** . Called “glottalized” consonants. More common than clicks **Air** between closed vocal folds and mouth is **compressed, then released** Found in many Indigenous languages of North America

Answer 92

English has 15 vowels Avg is ~5-6 vowels Types Rounding Nasality

Answer 93

In English: All front vowels are unrounded, All back non-low vowels are rounded, **No two vowels differ** only in whether they are rounded Other languages do use rounding to distinguish two vowels

Answer 94

English only uses oral vs nasal for consonants. **Does not use nasality** to distinguish vowels Other languages **do use nasality** to distinguish vowels

Answer 95

Nasals: Nasal stops [m], [n], [ŋ]. Glides: Approximants [j] and [w] very vowel-like, no contact between articulators a.k.a., semivowels or semi consonants. Liquids: Umbrella term for l and r sounds.