Phonology Flashcards

Question

Sonorants

Answer 1

[+] = more “singable” sounds more acoustically powerful produced w/ **continuous, non-turbulent airflow** in the vocal tract. Nasals and approximants [-] = Not produced w/ continuous, non-turbulent airflow Oral stops, fricatives, affricates, glottals

Answer 2

[+] = sounds have air escaping through the nasal cavity Nasal [-] = sounds have no air escaping through nasal cavity Oral

Answer 3

[+] = flowing air through the oral cavity during production. Fricatives and approximants [-] = airflow gets stopped. All stops and affricates

Answer 4

(Delayed release) [+] = stopping airflow then letting it out more slowly than with stops. Affricates [-] = not stopping airflow followed by slow release Everything else

Answer 5

[+] = voiced sounds All voiced [-] = voiceless sounds All voiceless

Answer 6

[+] = Consonants are more acoustically “noisy”, plural uses [ez] **Noisier fricatives** [-] = Consonants not noisy, plural uses [s] or [z] Everything else

Answer 7

A unit of linguistic structure that consists of a syllabic element and any segments associated with it Features→segments→syllables→words Speakers often have intuitions about syllables Different languages have different patterns (C)V pattern is in almost every language C= consonant V= vowel ()= optional (C)V(C) is also common English has some patterns that are uncommon One syllable words can have complex structures (strengths=CCCVCCCC )

Answer 8

Area of phonology dealing with **permissible sequences of sounds** in a language English don’t allow certain combinations of sounds at the beginning of syllables that might work in the middle of words splitting syllables tleg isn’t allowed but boot.leg is

Answer 9

The **unit** that syllables are organized around. Typically a **sonorous** segment (usually a vowel, sometimes a syllabic consonant) Some languages have obstruents as nuclei

Answer 10

Plays a key role in syllable structure Sonority **rises** toward the nucleus, **peaks** at nucleus, and **declines** after Sonority scale 0 - **obstruent** (most constricted) Oral stops, fricatives, affricates 1 - **nasal** More singable than obstruents 2 - **liquids** Approximants (l and r) 3 - **glides** Approximants (j and w) 4 - **vowels** (least constricted)

Answer 11

**Transcribe** using phonemes **Identify nucleus/nuclei** Draw line to N Then up to R Then up to sigma Other consonants will be cods or onsets **Form the onset(s)** Maximal onset principle: Assign as many consonants as possible to the onset, as phonotactics permits Start on right side of word, seeing if you can add consonants and ask: can you think of any English words that begin with the sequence? Onsets connect straight to sigma, not R **Build coda(s)** Remaining consonants after each nucleus Codas connect to R, then R to sigma

Answer 12

Process of learning **grammar** of **native** language (language a child learns from/near birth). Subconscious process through expose over several years, not explicitly taught Can have more than one L1 1. All typically developing children acquire **one or more L1s** 2. Children seemingly go through **similar stages** in language acquisition 3. Children acquire the **grammar** of their L1(s) by approximately **age 6** 4. Most L1 acquisition **research** has been done on **English** Very different from second language acquisition (SLA): Often **conscious** process, Many researchers think **SLA is limited** (will never learn it as well as L1), Learner already has L1 which **affects** L2

Answer 13

Initial stage Babbling Later development

Answer 14

Prelinguistic speech consisting of **vowel-like** sounds. 0-5 months Babies have **under-developed vocal tract** Start by **cooing** (vowel-like sounds) Still learning about sound system **Universal listeners** –very good at discriminating b/t speech sounds (Even after just being born) **Lose this ability** over time as we tune into our L1s 10mo japanese can’t distinguish l vs r because doesn’t matter in japanese "use it or lose it"

Answer 15

Prelinguistic speech consisting of repetitive **CV sequences** 5-12 months As vocal tract develops, babies start babbling Start to produce speech sounds Start babbling with **stops** not really affricates or fricatives **Deaf** babies “babble” too, but manually **Words** starts to form after **~12mo**

Answer 16

**Production lags behind comprehension** Children always understand more than they can produce “Fis” phenomenon, “biterman” Phoneme inventory **develops quickly** Start learning vowels, then stops, fricatives Start learning labial sounds, than alveolars, then velars

Answer 17

Final consonant deletion Consonant cluster deletion Syllable deletion Stopping Gliding Place assimilation Voice assimilation

Answer 18

C → ∅ / __# Ex: “Doll” /dal/ → [da] ‘doll’

Answer 19

Often the deleted C is next to a stop C → ∅ / __C or C__

Answer 20

Usually in unstressed syllables But pay attention to word boundaries (end of the word)

Answer 21

Replacing consonants, such as fricatives and affricates, with stops

Answer 22

Substituting glides [w, j] for liquids [ɹ, l]

Answer 23

Same place of articulation as another C /bot/ → [bop] B is bilabial so t becomes bilabial

Answer 24

Same voicing as another C /pɪg/ → [pɪk] ‘pig’ P is voiceless so k becomes voicemess

Answer 25

Consonants **before** nucleus Some languages allow only one consonant in onset

Answer 26

Consonants **after** nucleus Some languages don’t allow codas or specific codas

Answer 27

Nucleus + Coda

Answer 28

Assign as **many consonants as possible** to the onset, as phonotactics permits Start on **left side of nucleus,** seeing if you can add consonants and ask: can you think of any English words that begin with the sequence? Onsets connect straight to sigma, not R

Phonology Flashcards

(52 cards)