Phonological development

Question 1

What stage does phonological development occur in?

Answer 1

Post-telegraphic stage

Question 2

What are the key points of phonological development?

Answer 2

• 1st year will develop control of the muscles vital to producing clear and varied speech
• In speech vowel sounds require no obstruction of air flow to create sound
• Consonants require some brief interruption to the airflow by articulators in order to create the required sound

Question 3

What are dipthongs?

Answer 3

A sound formed by the combination of 2 vowels in a single syllable, in which the sound begins as one vowel and moves towards another

Question 4

What are monophthongs?

Answer 4

A vowel that has a single perceived auditory quality

Question 5

What are articulators?

Answer 5

The vocal organs placed above the larynx including the lips, teeth, tongue and hard palate that help for consonant sounds

Question 6

What lends complexity to the process of phonological development?

Answer 6

The variety of ways in which different sounds can be made

Question 7

What are the 6 manners of articulation?

Answer 7

1) Plosives
2) Nasals
3) Fricatives
4) Affricates
5) Approximants
6) Laterals

Question 8

What are plosives?

Answer 8

p,b,t,k,g
- when two articulators touch each other
- the upper and lower lip held together in the production of sound
- air pressure is built up and released in a burst

Question 9

What are nasals?

Answer 9

m,n,ng
- two articulators are touching but air is released through the nose

Question 10

What are fricatives?

Answer 10

f,v,s,z,sh
- these involve near contact of the articulators
- air is pushed out through a small space

Question 11

What are affricates?

Answer 11

ch,dj
- begin as plosive and end as fricative

Question 12

What are approximants?

Answer 12

r,j,w
- produced without articulators making contact

Question 13

What are laterals?

Answer 13

l
- produced by articulators making contact and air flowing down the sides of the tongue

Question 14

Which are acquired first between vowels and consonants?

Answer 14

Vowels

Question 15

What are the most common consonant sounds for young children acquiring English?

Answer 15

b,d,m,n,h

Question 16

What have children acquired by the age of 2 and a half?

Answer 16

All of the vowels and 2/3 of the consonants

Question 17

What stage are the children at by the age of 4?

Answer 17

Only a few consonants are causing a problem

Question 18

By 6 or 7 years what is the child confident in?

Answer 18

The use if both vowels and consonants

Question 19

Initial consonants

Answer 19

Much easier to master than the final ones

Question 20

How are consonants categorised according to what type of sounds they create?

Answer 20

Voice or unvoiced

Question 21

Voiced

Answer 21

Creation of sound vibrates the vocal chords

Question 22

Unvoiced

Answer 22

The vocal chord is not vibrated

Question 23

What are the 5 common issues in phonological development?

Answer 23

1) Weak syllable deletion
2) Consonant deletion
3) Consonant cluster reduction
4) Assimilation
5) Substitution

Question 24

What is weak syllable deletion?

Answer 24

A less prominent sound within a word is not articulated
- nana instead of banana

Question 25

What is consonant deletion?

Answer 25

Either at the beginning or the end of a word - Bi instead of big - Oast instead of toast

Question 26

What is consonant cluster reduction?

Answer 26

When several consonants appear together, the child will just pronounce one of these to reduce the physical demand of articulating all of them - liptick instead of lipstick - pace instead of space

Question 27

What is assimilation?

Answer 27

A sound within a word becomes more like a similar sound within the word - babbit instead of rabbit

Question 28

What is substitution?

Answer 28

One sound is swapped for another that is easier to pronounce - wock instead of rock

Question 29

Who discovered the Fis phenomenon?

Answer 29

Jean Berko Gleason and Roger Brown

Question 30

What is the Fis phenomenon?

Answer 30

Described how a child referred to his plastic fish as fis, when the observer responded 'is this your fis?' the child say 'no-my fis' - he continued to reject the adults mimicry of his speech until he was told 'is this your fish' to which he responded 'yes, my fis'

Question 31

What does the Fis phenomenon suggest?

Answer 31

The importance of the caregiver saying grammatically correct words and phrases and recasting a child's virtuous errors

Question 32

Key points for politeness and pragmatics

Answer 32

1- as a child's language develops they will talk more and the caregiver input will decrease 2- many normal politeness principles seem redundant when in discussion with a 3 year old 3- all cultures have different notions of politeness and the behaviour/expressions expected of children 4- great variation in relation to particular maxims for conversation according to the culture in which the child is developing

Question 33

What were Grice's 4 conversational maxims? Discourse development

Answer 33

1) Quality- tell the truth 2) Quantity- don't say too much or too little 3) Relevance- make sure utterances are relevant to the conversation 4) Manner- be brief and straightforward

Question 34

Why may children flout these maxims?

Answer 34

Although they may use formulaic politeness expressions they have been taught, adherence to these maxims might be more variable - when they are playing there will be little relativity - no understanding of interruptions - do not intend to be rude

Question 35

What did LEECH say the politeness principle drew attention to?

Answer 35

The need for tact, generosity, approbation (approval or praise), modest, agreement, sympathy

Question 36

Why do politeness principles appear just as arbitrary as Grice's maxims?

Answer 36

If a child finds someone's appearance or behaviour different from what they are used to - ask a question pertaining to this - rather than tactfully ignoring it as an adult might do

Question 37

Characteristics of adult/child interactions What did Coulthard and Sinclair develop a model for?

Answer 37

analysing discourse - looked at secondary English classrooms - see the structure of interactions

Question 38

Coulthard and Sinclair What was the 3 part structure identified in classrooms?

Answer 38

Initiation- Q may be asked Response- Q is answered Feedback- some response or evaluation is offered about the response

Question 39

What can the IRF structure be applied to?

Answer 39

The examination of interactions between caregivers and children I- What are you making with that playdough R- It is a mermaid F- A mermaid? That's great, I love its tail

Question 40

Sinclair and Coulthard What are adjacency pairs?

Answer 40

A simple structure of 2 turns

Question 41

Sinclair and Coulthard What do they say about adjacency pairs?

Answer 41

A large number of adjacency pairs with questions and answers are also prevalent in conversations between caretakers and children These are usually led by the caregiver - to encourage language development