Phonological Development

Question 1

Phoneme

Answer 1

Smallest unit of sound that makes a difference in meaning.

-results in meaning contrast ->(“Bat” vs “Pat”)

Question 2

Allophone

Answer 2

Unit of sound that does not make a difference in meaning.

• do not result in a meaning contrast
• different sounds that correspond to one phoneme

Question 3

Feature

Answer 3

A single aspect or property of a speech sound.

Question 4

Consonants

Answer 4

Constriction in the vocal track. 
-Does not have to be complete. 
   >Complete: e.g., /ptkbdg/
   >Partial: e.g., /szfv/
   >Minimal: e.g., /lrjw/

Question 5

Vowels

Answer 5

No constriction
-(Some consonants have properties of both
>Approximants: /w/,/r/,/y/
>Laterals: /l/ )

Question 6

Place of articulation

Answer 6

The place where the constriction occurs.

-English: Labial, Labiodental, Interdental, Alveolar, Alveo-palatal, Velar, Glottal

Question 7

Labial

Answer 7

Lips

- /p,b,m,w/

Question 8

Labiodental

Answer 8

Lips and teeth

- /f,v/

Question 9

Interdental

Answer 9

Tongue and teeth

- /ð θ/

Question 10

Alveolar

Answer 10

Tongue and alveolar ridge

- /z s n d t l ɹ/

Question 11

Alveopalatal

Answer 11

Tongue blade and palate

• /ʒ ʃ dʒ tʃ y/
• [check printed images]

Question 12

Velar

Answer 12

Tongue and velum

-/k g ŋ /

Question 13

Manner

Answer 13

The way or “manner” in which the constriction is made.

- English: stop, fricative, affricate, nasal, approximant and lateral.

Question 14

Stop

Answer 14

Complete constriction

- Flap/tap is a type of stop

Question 15

Fricative

Answer 15

partial constriction

Question 16

Affricate

Answer 16

Combination of stop and fricative

Question 17

Nasal

Answer 17

complete constriction in oral tract but sound passes through nasal cavity (velum down)

Question 18

Approximant and Lateral

Answer 18

Minimal constriction

-Liquids and glides

Question 19

Voicing

Answer 19

Presence or absence of vocal fold vibration
-English:
>Voiced
>Voiceless

Question 20

Front/back feature

Answer 20

Front: Tongue body advanced
Back: Tongue body retracted

Question 21

High/low feature

Answer 21

High: Tongue is raised toward palate
Low: Tongue body lowered

Question 22

Tense/lax feature

Answer 22

Muscular tension

- : e.g., tense: /i/ vs lax: /I/

Question 23

Phonotactics

Answer 23

Rules for combinations of phonemes

Question 24

Phonological rules

Answer 24

Rules governing how phonemes are mapped onto allophones

Question 25

Phonological rules example

Answer 25

Example (English):
–Regular past tense form is /d/, but different
allophonic forms are used in different words
–roamed: voiced [d]
–dripped: voiceless [t]
•The rule:
– [d] after a voiced phoneme
– [t] after an unvoiced phoneme
•Unless final phoneme of base word is /t/ or /d/
–then “-ed” /əd/; carded, parted

Question 26

Wug Task

Answer 26

Children know some phonological rules by age 4.
- Wug task (Berko, 1958):
Children are shown two
nonsense objects and
asked to give the plural
form. By age 4 years, they
reliably produce the right
allophone

Question 27

Expansion stage

Answer 27

Variety of consonants and vowel sounds

Developing control over production

Question 28

Marginal babbling

Answer 28

End of expansion stage. Longer more complex series of sounds

Question 29

Canonical or reduplicated babbling

Answer 29

Syllables, repeated syllables (mama, dada)

Question 30

non-reduplicated or variegated babbling

Answer 30

Series of different syllables. Prosody (intonation contour) more pronounced.

Question 31

Jargon

Answer 31

Sequences of non-reduplicated syllables with intonation contour

Question 32

Babbling drift

Answer 32

Around 6 months, sounds show influence of target language.

-Sources: acoustic analyses and adults’ perception

Question 33

Proto-words

Answer 33

Idiosyncratic sequences of sounds

Question 34

Word recognition

Answer 34

Mapping acoustic-phonetic information in the speech waveform onto representations of sounds of words in the mental lexicon

Question 35

Phonological idioms

Answer 35

Example of holistic representation. Cannot produce the same speech sounds in other words.

Question 36

Stop (sound substitution)

Answer 36

Replacing fricative/affricate with stop. Place and voicing do not change.
- Church>turt; Shoes>Toot; Sing>Ting

Question 37

Fronting (sound substitution)

Answer 37

Replace back consonant with front consonant. Manner and voicing do not change.
- Thumb>Fumb; Ship>Sip

Question 38

Gliding

Answer 38

Replace a liquid (/l,r/) with glide (/j,w/).

-Lion>Yion; Rabbit>Wabbit

Question 39

Deletions

Answer 39

Final consonant deletion: DOG>DAH

Unstressed syllable deletion: giRAFFE>Raffe

Question 40

Reduplication

Answer 40

Repetition of syllalble

- Bottle>BaBa

Question 41

Cluster simplification

Answer 41

Blanket>Banket; Bring>Bing

Question 42

Phonological processes

Answer 42

Strategies for producing first words.
>Avoid new words with difficult sounds
>Modify new words to make them fit into a
template

Question 43

Intonation babies

Answer 43

Produce larger intonational “sentences” at the expense of adult-like segments.

Question 44

Word babies

Answer 44

Focus more on individual sounds in shorter utterances.

Question 45

Phonological awareness

Answer 45

Ability to think about and reflect on the speech sounds.

> Evidence: Rhymes/alliterations, counting syllables