Phonological Development Flashcards

(45 cards)

1
Q

Phoneme

A

Smallest unit of sound that makes a difference in meaning.

-results in meaning contrast ->(“Bat” vs “Pat”)

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2
Q

Allophone

A

Unit of sound that does not make a difference in meaning.

  • do not result in a meaning contrast
  • different sounds that correspond to one phoneme
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3
Q

Feature

A

A single aspect or property of a speech sound.

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4
Q

Consonants

A
Constriction in the vocal track. 
-Does not have to be complete. 
   >Complete: e.g., /ptkbdg/
   >Partial: e.g., /szfv/
   >Minimal: e.g., /lrjw/
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5
Q

Vowels

A

No constriction
-(Some consonants have properties of both
>Approximants: /w/,/r/,/y/
>Laterals: /l/ )

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6
Q

Place of articulation

A

The place where the constriction occurs.

-English: Labial, Labiodental, Interdental, Alveolar, Alveo-palatal, Velar, Glottal

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7
Q

Labial

A

Lips

- /p,b,m,w/

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8
Q

Labiodental

A

Lips and teeth

- /f,v/

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9
Q

Interdental

A

Tongue and teeth

- /ð θ/

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10
Q

Alveolar

A

Tongue and alveolar ridge

- /z s n d t l ɹ/

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11
Q

Alveopalatal

A

Tongue blade and palate

  • /ʒ ʃ dʒ tʃ y/
  • [check printed images]
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12
Q

Velar

A

Tongue and velum

-/k g ŋ /

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13
Q

Manner

A

The way or “manner” in which the constriction is made.

- English: stop, fricative, affricate, nasal, approximant and lateral.

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14
Q

Stop

A

Complete constriction

- Flap/tap is a type of stop

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15
Q

Fricative

A

partial constriction

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16
Q

Affricate

A

Combination of stop and fricative

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17
Q

Nasal

A

complete constriction in oral tract but sound passes through nasal cavity (velum down)

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18
Q

Approximant and Lateral

A

Minimal constriction

-Liquids and glides

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19
Q

Voicing

A

Presence or absence of vocal fold vibration
-English:
>Voiced
>Voiceless

20
Q

Front/back feature

A

Front: Tongue body advanced
Back: Tongue body retracted

21
Q

High/low feature

A

High: Tongue is raised toward palate
Low: Tongue body lowered

22
Q

Tense/lax feature

A

Muscular tension

- : e.g., tense: /i/ vs lax: /I/

23
Q

Phonotactics

A

Rules for combinations of phonemes

24
Q

Phonological rules

A

Rules governing how phonemes are mapped onto allophones

25
**Phonological rules example**
Example (English): –Regular past tense form is /d/, but different allophonic forms are used in different words –roamed: voiced [d] –dripped: voiceless [t] •The rule: – [d] after a voiced phoneme – [t] after an unvoiced phoneme •Unless final phoneme of base word is /t/ or /d/ –then “-ed” /əd/; carded, parted
26
Wug Task
``` Children know some phonological rules by age 4. - Wug task (Berko, 1958): Children are shown two nonsense objects and asked to give the plural form. By age 4 years, they reliably produce the right allophone ```
27
Expansion stage
Variety of consonants and vowel sounds | Developing control over production
28
Marginal babbling
End of expansion stage. Longer more complex series of sounds
29
Canonical or reduplicated babbling
Syllables, repeated syllables (mama, dada)
30
non-reduplicated or variegated babbling
Series of different syllables. Prosody (intonation contour) more pronounced.
31
Jargon
Sequences of non-reduplicated syllables with intonation contour
32
Babbling drift
Around 6 months, sounds show influence of target language. | -Sources: acoustic analyses and adults' perception
33
Proto-words
Idiosyncratic sequences of sounds
34
Word recognition
Mapping acoustic-phonetic information in the speech waveform onto representations of sounds of words in the mental lexicon
35
Phonological idioms
Example of holistic representation. Cannot produce the same speech sounds in other words.
36
Stop (sound substitution)
Replacing fricative/affricate with stop. Place and voicing do not change. - Church>turt; Shoes>Toot; Sing>Ting
37
Fronting (sound substitution)
Replace back consonant with front consonant. Manner and voicing do not change. - Thumb>Fumb; Ship>Sip
38
Gliding
Replace a liquid (/l,r/) with glide (/j,w/). | -Lion>Yion; Rabbit>Wabbit
39
Deletions
Final consonant deletion: DOG>DAH | Unstressed syllable deletion: giRAFFE>Raffe
40
Reduplication
Repetition of syllalble | - Bottle>BaBa
41
Cluster simplification
Blanket>Banket; Bring>Bing
42
Phonological processes
Strategies for producing first words. >Avoid new words with difficult sounds >Modify new words to make them fit into a template
43
Intonation babies
Produce larger intonational "sentences" at the expense of adult-like segments.
44
Word babies
Focus more on individual sounds in shorter utterances.
45
Phonological awareness
Ability to think about and reflect on the speech sounds. >Evidence: Rhymes/alliterations, counting syllables