photography

Question 1

Jpeg vs raw photos

Answer 1

jpeg → compressed file to fit more photos on less mb - quality is worse, embedded (changes the look of the photo internal process in the camera)

Raw → data from sensor is written directly onto memory card, quality is much better but big as a result, no embedded
- need a raw converter to open raw files
- raw is good for editing images

Question 2

35 mm camera

Answer 2

called that bc it uses 35 mm film

Question 3

Focal length

Answer 3

the view that can be adjusted on the camera on the lens zooming goes 18-55
- the smaller it is the wider the view
- adjusting changes the angle of view, angle is smaller as mm is higher

Question 4

Wide angle

Answer 4

• large field of view (less than 50 mm)
• wide angle lenses tend to distort the image, good for small spaces, everything close to the lens gets very enlarged - distortion, immersive, unflattering portraits

Question 5

Standard lens

Answer 5

same as human eye (50mm)
- isolates subject matter from backgrounds, compresses space flattens image,

Question 6

Telephoto

Answer 6

• high magnification (50mm plus)
• more flattering portraits

Question 7

Prime vs zooms lenses

Answer 7

• Prime lenses - one focal length only
• Zoom lenses - multiple focal length, much more practical

Question 8

The Exposure Triangle

Answer 8

Made of ISO sensitivity, aperture and shutter speed. They’re all interlinked when it comes to correct exposure.

Question 9

ISO sensitivity

Answer 9

How sensitive the camera is to light: higher iso helps you see more when there is low light, when sunny turn down iso.
- Each step is called a stop, the stop above each is doubled higher is more sensitive.
- The higher the iso, the more noise which includes less detail (can be edited with raw but embedded with jpeg) - higher iso is referred to as fast.

Question 10

Aperture

Answer 10

Adjusts the amount of light that’s let through. uses f-stops for a scale. A larger number lets the least amount of light in and vice versa as they move up or down stops they are doubled or half (even though the numbers are weird).

Maximum aperture - The biggest hole possible for the lens you have. All lenses can reach 22, only few can go the largest aperture. small apertures are good for a lot of light, big apertures are good for low light.

• small aperture only let a small amount of light through (ex. f22)
• large apertures let a lot of light through(ex f4, f5.6, etc)

Question 11

Shutter speed

Answer 11

Regulates how much light reaches the sensor. The longer the shutter speed, the more light is let in and more exposed. each stop is a stop again is doubled or halved

Question 12

Resolution

Answer 12

Image resolution is the detail an image holds. The term applies to raster digital images, film images, and other types of images. Higher resolution means more image detail.
- Resolution is the number of pixels per unit of length (in pixels per inch).

Question 13

All Pixels are not created equal!

Answer 13

• A digital sensor is essentially made up of millions of tiny micro-lenses (pixels)‏
• Pixels are analog devices which record light and colour data
• Larger Sensors contain larger pixels, which

Question 14

How a digital sensor works

Answer 14

• Each digital image is made from millions of tiny squares, known as pixels.
• Essentially, an image is recorded by tiny micro-lenses (pixels) which make up the camera’s sensor

Question 15

Histogram

Answer 15

After you take a photo and press info, it shows the brightness value of all the pixels in the image. shows the 256 tones available for a picture.

• 0 (blackest black possible) - 255 (whitest white possible), middle grey is 128
• The camera shows less range of shadows and highlights compared to the human eye- very limited contrast range
• When whites or blacks get compressed/ cut off its called crushed/crushing
  –> If the black is crushed it’s underexpose - not a lot
  of detail in blacks
  –> If the whites are crushed it’s overexposed - not a
  lot of detail in whites

Question 16

Bracketing

Answer 16

Taking several photos at different exposures

• Overexpose and underexpose by one stop ex. if f16 at 1/60 is correct, take one overexposed at f11 at 1/60 and one underexposed at f22 at 1/60

Question 17

Depth of field - aperature

Answer 17

Changing the aperture of a camera also changes the amount of the image that is in focus - this amount is called depth of field. doesn’t change focus but extends and retracts range of depth of field. The smaller the hole, the more depth of field. bigger the hole, least depth of field.

1. Large aperture opening - shallow depth of field
   foreground is more in focus, background is soft
   usually favoured in photography
2. Small aperture opening - extended depth of field
   background is more focused, foreground is soft

Question 18

Depth of field - focal length

Answer 18

• Short focal length lens (wide angle), hard to make shallow depth, so it is extended
• Long focal length (telephoto) can do shallow depth

Question 19

Depth of field - focus

Answer 19

• The closer your object ur focused on is to the lens, the less depth of field you have
• Distance from lens to object has a large impact on depth of field

Penny shot - bike example, following something that moves fast you focus on them as they come, follow the motion then take the photo. It makes the figure sharp and background blurry

Question 20

White balance

Answer 20

1. Tungsten lights - incandescent lights, gives a warm glow
2. Fluorescent lights - the bright hospital lights
3. Daylight - any outside light

→ Lighting conditions should match the setting to get proper skin tones
→ Flash is the same setting as daylight

Question 21

Colour temperature

Answer 21

• Scale ranges from low kelvin (0 degrees, more orange) to 12000 degrees kelvin (more blue)
• Tungsten is 3200 degrees kelvin
• Daylight is 5500 degrees kelvin
• Fluorescent - greenish
• Daylight white balance at 5300 degrees kelvin
  → In jpeg be more careful with colour temperature, with raw it can be fixed in post so less pressure when shooting

Question 22

Harsh lighting

Answer 22

Harsh light - casts harsh shadows (point light source) creates a more sculptural view, highlights imperfections

• Butterfly shadow- shadow under the nose, only the harsh light source can give you that
• Point light source can be converted to soft light source using a scrim/soft material (material to diffuse a light like clouds do for the sun)

Question 23

Soft lighting

Answer 23

Soft light would be used for more beauty magazines, it’s more flattering. can also use a card under the chin to reflect light, though it is pretty boring. This can be made more interesting using directional light.

• Directional light - light source away from the axis of the lens, can be used to sculpt even with soft light

Question 24

repoussoir

Answer 24

putting a tree for example in the foreground to push everything else back (framing basically)

Question 25

Use of tiffs

Answer 25

save layered files as tiff if you want to revisit as jpeg's cant hold layers

Question 26

RBG vs CMYK

Answer 26

⭐ ️ if you mix RGB you can get a wide range of colour in photoshop RGB - additive colour. mix all and get white ⭐️cmyk deals with print, mixing it all together makes it near black. (k=black.) Each colour is a channel, so cmyk has 4 channels. It is subtractive.

Question 27

hue

Answer 27

the name of a distinct colour of the spectrum - green, yellow, blue, etc

Question 28

saturation

Answer 28

the amount of white light mixed with the hue, pastels are less saturated.

Question 29

value

Answer 29

refers to the intensity of light present. when at fullest intensity, colours are bright, at lowest colours are dim.

Question 30

colour temperature scale

Answer 30

- orange at bottom blue at top - 5500 daylight - 3200 tungsten

Question 31

Developing film

Answer 31

- as temp goes up, reaction increases - room temp at 7 mins is standard - as the temp goes up it would be 6 mins - as temp goes down time goes up - inside film there is silver, when light hits it an image is made * developing is the most important stage, other stages you don't have to be so strict with the time and conditions but this stage has a large impact on the outcome of the film

Question 32

A negative image

Answer 32

- inverse colours - highlights become black and vice versa - like to see details in the darks (which will look light in the negative) - as film sits in developer longer you develop more contrast - you can regulate contrast by adding more time⭐️ can also be regulated by temperature or even the dilution of developer stock (but time would be easiest) and the more you agitate the more contrast underexposed: - will have no detail in the blacks (which appear white in the negative) - overexposed is better than underexposed because you can develop for longer in the dark room A thin negative - means there is not much exposure in the blacks (underexposed) - You want normally exposed and normally developed

Question 33

Exposure / metering

Answer 33

- camera has a light meter built in, if the light coming towards you has a lot of sky it will take some exposure away to compensate, which can silhouette figures - when there’s a lot of light the camera doesn’t know what you're focusing on

Question 34

18% gray

Answer 34

18% gray —> if i point a camera at a scene, all that light is exactly 18% gray - if the scene that is reflected back is 18% gray then it is correctly exposed - if it is much brighter, it will compensate by making something else much darker - add more time to exposure to brighten it in this case - add one or two stops more light - everything in horizon line overexpose - wearing white would make everything else dark, and wearing black would make everything else brighter To get a proper white, you have to overexpose because the camera will automatically underexposed it (like it will tell u it’s proper exposure)

Question 35

Light measured by external light meter

Answer 35

- this device tells you aperture and shutter speed to accurately depict white and black - two ways of measuring light: the camera and external device - by default the camera tends to underexposed which is bad for film, we’d rather lean into overexposure

Question 36

Backlit

Answer 36

- something lit from behind The camera will underexpose it, so overexposed it so you can recognize figures at the sacrifice of background light