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12 2nd Quarter > Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Photosynthesis Flashcards

1
Q

the process that converts solar energy into chemical energy

A

photosynthesis

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2
Q

nourishes almost the entire living world directly or indirectly

A

photosynthesis

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3
Q

sustain themselves without eating anything derived from other organisms

A

autotrophs

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4
Q

producers of the biosphere

A

autotrophs

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5
Q

produces organic molecules from CO2 and other inorganic molecules

A

autotrophs

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6
Q

almost all plants are ?

A

photoautotrophs

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7
Q

uses the energy of sunlight to make organic molecules from H2O and CO2

A

photoautotrophs

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8
Q

occurs in plants, algae, certain other protists, and some prokaryotes

A

photosynthesis

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9
Q

give examples of photoautotrophs

A

plants
multicellular alga
unicellular protist
cyanobacteria
purple sulfur bacteria

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10
Q

obtain their organic material from other organisms

A

heterotrophs

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11
Q

consumers of the biosphere

A

heterotrophs

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12
Q

depend on photoautotrophs for food and O2

A

heterotrophs

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13
Q

structurally similar to and likely evolved from photosynthetic bacteria

A

chloroplast

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14
Q

site of photosynthesis in plants

A

chloroplast

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15
Q

green color is from ?

A

chlorophyll

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16
Q

the green pigment within chloroplasts

A

chlorophyll

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17
Q

drives the synthesis of organic molecules in the chloroplast

A

light energy absorbed by chlorophyll

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18
Q

CO2 enters and O2 exits the leaf through microscopic pores called ?

A

stomata

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19
Q

chloroplasts are found mainly in cells of the

A

mesophyll

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20
Q

the interior tissue of the leaf

A

mesophyll

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21
Q

typical mesophyll cell has ? chloroplasts

A

30-40

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22
Q

chlorophyll is in the membranes of ?

A

thylakoids

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23
Q

connected sacs in the chloroplast

A

thylakoids

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24
Q

may be stacked in columns called grana

A

thylakoids

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25
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

chloroplasts also contain stroma

A

true

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26
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

stroma is a dense fluid

A

true

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27
Q

photosynthesis equation

A

6 CO2 + 12 H2O + Light energy -> C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O

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28
Q

splits H2O into hydrogen and oxygen and incorporating the electrons of hydrogen into sugar molecules

A

chloroplasts

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29
Q

TRACKING ATOMS THRU PHOTOSYNTHESIS

reactants

A

6 CO2, 12 H2O

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30
Q

TRACKING ATOMS THRU PHOTOSYNTHESIS

products

A

C6H12O6, 6 H2O, 6 O2

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31
Q

is a redox process in which H2O is oxidized and CO2 is reduced

A

photosynthesis

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32
Q

H2O is ?

a. oxidized
b. reduced

A

a. oxidized

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33
Q

CO2 is ?

a. oxidized
b. reduced

A

b. reduced

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34
Q

photosynthesis consists of ?

A

light reactions and Calvin cycle

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35
Q

light reactions is also called as the ?

A

photo part

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36
Q

Calvin cycle is also called as the ?

A

synthesis part

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37
Q

the light reaction “basic” steps (4 sha)

A

split H2O
release O2
reduce NADP+ to NADPH
generate ATP from ADP by photophosphorylation

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38
Q

the Calvin cycle (in the stroma) forms

A

sugar from CO2 with the use of ATP and NADPH

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39
Q

the Calvin cycle begins with ? which ?

A

carbon fixation; incorporates CO2 into organic molecules

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40
Q

solar-powered chemical factories

A

chloroplasts

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41
Q

thylakoids transform ? into ?

A

light energy into the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH

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42
Q

form of electromagnetic energy

A

light

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43
Q

electromagnetic energy is also called

A

electromagnetic radiation

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44
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

light travels in rhythmic waves

A

true

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45
Q

the distance between crests of waves

A

wavelength

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46
Q

determines the type of electromagnetic energy

A

wavelength

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47
Q

the entire range of electromagnetic energy, or radiation

A

electromagnetic spectrum

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48
Q

consists of wavelengths that produce colors we can see

A

visible light

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49
Q

light consists of discrete particles called

A

photons

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50
Q

substances that absorb visible light

A

pigments

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51
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

different pigments absorb different wavelengths

A

true

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52
Q

wavelengths that are not absorbed

A

reflected or transmitted

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53
Q

leaves appear green because ?

A

chlorophyll reflects and transmits green light

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54
Q

measures a pigment’s ability to absorb various wavelengths

A

spectrophotometer

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55
Q

sends light through pigments and measures the fraction of light transmitted at each wavelength

A

spectrophotometer

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56
Q

a graph plotting a pigment’s light absorption versus wavelength

A

absorption spectrum

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57
Q

absorption spectrum of chlorophyll a

A

violet-blue and red light (work best for photosynthesis)

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58
Q

profiles the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of radiation in driving a process

A

action spectrum

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59
Q

action spectrum of photosynthesis was first demonstrated in ? by ?

A

1883 by Theodor W. Engelmann

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60
Q

areas receiving wavelengths favorable to photosynthesis produced ?

A

excess O2

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61
Q

main photosynthetic pigment

A

chlorophyll a

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62
Q

broaden the spectrum used for photosynthesis

A

accessory pigments / chlorophyll b

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63
Q

absorb excessive light that would damage chlorophyll

A

carotenoids

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64
Q

COMPLETE

principal -> ? -> ?

A

chlorophyll a -> bacteriochlorophyll

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65
Q

COMPLETE

accessory -> ??? -> ?? -> ??

A

chlorophyll b, c, d, carotenoids, phycobilins

carotenoids -> carotene -> xanthophyll
phycobilins -> phycoerythrin -> phycocyanin

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66
Q

chlorophyll a is for

A

green plants and cyanobacteria

67
Q

chlorophyll b is for

A

green algae and all higher plants

68
Q

chlorophyll c is for

A

dinoflagellates, diatoms, and brown algae

69
Q

chlorophyll d is for

A

red algae

70
Q

chlorophyll e is for

A

xathophycean algae

71
Q

types of chlorophyll

A

chlorophyll a-e
bacteriochlorophyll a-b
chlorobium chlorophyll 650 & 666

72
Q

carotene is for

A

lycopene (red)

73
Q

xanthophyll has what color and what is it for

A

yellow color; violaxanthin, fucoxanthin (brown algae), and lutein

74
Q

types of carotenoids

A

carotene & xanthophyll

75
Q

types of phycobilins

A

phycocyanin & phycoerythrin

76
Q

phycocyanin is for

A

cyanobacteria

77
Q

phycoerythrin is for

A

red algae

78
Q

Chlorophyll ‘b’ differs from Chlorophyll ‘a’ by

A

CHO (aldehyde) group instead of CH3 (Methyl)

79
Q

Chlorophyll ‘c’ differs from Chlorophyll ‘a’ by

A

lacking phytol tail

80
Q

Chlorophyll ‘d’ differs from Chlorophyll ‘a’ by

A

having O-CHO group instead of CH-CH2 group

81
Q

Pheophytin resembles Chlorophyll ‘a’ except

A

it lacks Mg atom and has two H atoms

82
Q

COMPLETE THE SENTENCE

Phycobilins have ? and they have neither ?.

A

open tetra pyrrols; Mg nor phytol chain

83
Q

yellow to orange pigments, absorbs light strongly in the blue to violet region of visible spectrum

A

carotenoids

84
Q

protect chlorophyll from photo-oxidative damage; also called as shield pigments

A

carotenoids

85
Q

pigments absorb light and transfer these to chlorophyll

A

carotenoids

86
Q

Ripening of fruits, floral colours and leaf colour change during autumn is due to

A

carotenoids

87
Q

orange, red, yellow, and brownish pigments, hydrocarbons (lipids)

A

carotenes

88
Q

the most abundant in plants and it is a precursor of Vitamin  A

A

carotenes

89
Q

the red pigment found in the fruits of tomato, red peppers and roses

A

carotenes

90
Q

yellow pigments are like carotenes but contain oxygen

A

xanthophylls

91
Q

is responsible for yellow colour change of leaves during autumn season

A

xanthophylls - lutein

92
Q

examples of xanthophylls

A

lutein, violaxanthin, and fucoxanthin

93
Q

proteinaceous pigments

A

phycobilins

94
Q

soluble in water, and do not contain Mg and Phytol tail

A

phycobilins

95
Q

light-absorbing “head” of molecule

A

porphyrin ring

96
Q

interacts with hydrophobic regions of proteins inside thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts

A

hydrocarbon tail

97
Q

when a pigment absorbs light, it goes from a ground state to an ? which is ?

A

excited state which is stable

98
Q

When excited electrons fall back to the ground state —

A

photons are given off

99
Q

afterglow

A

fluorescence

100
Q

reaction-center complex associated with light-harvesting complexes

A

photosystem

101
Q

funnel the energy of photons to the reaction center

A

light-harvesting complex

102
Q

pigment molecules bound to proteins

A

light-harvesting complex

103
Q

accepts an excited electron from chlorophyll a

A

primary electron acceptor

104
Q

two types of photosystems in the thylakoid membrane

A

photosystem i and photosystem ii

105
Q

functions first and is best at absorbing a wavelength of 680 nm

A

photosystem ii

106
Q

reaction-center chlorophyll a of PS II

A

P680

107
Q

best at absorbing a wavelength of 700 nm

A

photosystem i

108
Q

reaction-center chlorophyll a of PS I

A

P700

109
Q

two possible routes for electron flow

A

cyclic & linear

110
Q

the primary pathway, involves both photosystems and produces ATP and NADPH using light energy

A

linear electron flow

111
Q

a very strong oxidizing agent

A

P680+

112
Q

uses only photosystem I and produces ATP, but not NADPH

A

cyclic electron flow

113
Q

generates surplus ATP, satisfying the higher demand in the Calvin cycle

A

cyclic electron flow

114
Q

Some organisms such as ? have PS I but not PS II

A

purple sulfur bacteria

115
Q

thought to have evolved before linear electron flow

A

cyclic electron flow

116
Q

may protect cells from light-induced damage

A

cyclic electron flow

117
Q

generate ATP by chemiosmosis but use different sources of energy

A

chloroplasts and mitochondria

118
Q

transfer chemical energy from food to ATP

A

mitochondria

119
Q

transform light energy into the chemical energy of ATP

A

chloroplast

120
Q

protons are pumped to the intermembrane space and drive ATP synthesis as they diffuse back into the mitochondrial matrix

A

mitochondria

121
Q

protons are pumped into the thylakoid space and drive ATP synthesis as they diffuse back into the stroma

A

chloroplast

122
Q

produced on the side facing the stroma, where the Calvin cycle takes place

A

ATP and NADPH

123
Q

regenerates its starting material after molecules enter and leave the cycle

A

Calvin cycle

124
Q

the cycle builds sugar from smaller molecules by using ATP and the reducing power of electrons carried by NADPH

A

Calvin cycle

125
Q

Carbon enters the cycle as CO2 and leaves as a sugar named ?

A

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)

126
Q

For net synthesis of 1 G3P, the cycle must take place ? times, fixing 3 molecules of CO2

A

THREE times

127
Q

three phases of Calvin cycle

A

Carbon fixation
Reduction
Regeneration

128
Q

a molecule combines with a five-carbon acceptor molecule, namely

A

carbon fixation; ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP)

129
Q

this step makes a six-carbon compound that splits into two molecules of a three-carbon compound, namely

A

carbon fixation; 3-phosphoglyceric acid (3-PGA)

130
Q

This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme ?

A

RuBP carboxylase/oxygenase / rubisco

131
Q

ATP and NADPH are used to convert the 3-PGA molecules into molecules of a three-carbon sugar, namely

A

reduction; glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)

132
Q

this stage gets its name because NADPH donates electrons to, or reduces, a three-carbon intermediate to make G3P

A

reduction

133
Q

some G3P molecules go to make glucose, while others must be recycled to regenerate the RuBP acceptor.

A

regeneration

134
Q

requires ATP and involves a
complex network of reactions

A

regeneration

135
Q

in order for one G3P to exit the cycle (and go towards glucose synthesis), ??? must enter the cycle

A

three CO2 molecules

136
Q

when CO2 molecules enter the cycle, ??? are made.

A

six G3P molecules

137
Q

One exits the cycle and is used to make glucose, while the other ? must be recycled to regenerate ? molecules of the RuBP acceptor

A

five; three

138
Q

? turns of the Calvin cycle are needed to make one G3P molecule that can exit
the cycle and go towards making glucose

A

three

139
Q

in three turns of the Calvin cycle, 3 CO2 combine with 3 RuBP acceptors, making

A

-> 6 molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)

-> 1 G3P molecule exits the cycle and goes towards making glucose.

-> 5 G3P molecules are recycled, regenerating 3 RuBP acceptor molecules.

140
Q

in three turns of the Calvin cycle (ATP)

A

9 ATP are converted to 9 ADP (6 during the fixation step, 3 during the regeneration step)

141
Q

in three turns of the Calvin cycle (NADPH)

A

6 NADPH are converted to 6 NADP+ (during the reduction step)

142
Q

a G3P molecule contains three fixed carbon atoms, so it takes ? G3Ps to build a ?

A

2; six-carbon glucose molecule

143
Q

It would take ? turns of the cycle, or ? CO2, ? ATP, and 12 NADPH, to produce one molecule of glucose

A

6; 6; 18; 12

144
Q

a problem for plants, sometimes requiring trade-offs with other metabolic processes, especially photosynthesis

A

dehydration

145
Q

on hot, dry days, plants ? stomata, which conserves ? but also limits photosynthesis

A

close; H2O

146
Q

the closing of stomata reduces ? and causes O2 to build up

A

access to CO2

147
Q

wasteful process

A

photorespiration

148
Q

in most plants (? plants), initial fixation of CO2, via rubisco, forms a ?-carbon compound

A

C3; three

149
Q

rubisco adds O2 instead of CO2 in the Calvin cycle

A

photorespiration

150
Q

consumes O2 and organic fuel and releases CO2 without producing ATP or sugar

A

photorespiration

151
Q

may be an evolutionary relic because rubisco first evolved at a time when the atmosphere had far less O2 and more CO2

A

photorespiration

152
Q

limits damaging products of light reactions that build up in the absence of the Calvin cycle

A

photorespiration

153
Q

a problem because on a hot, dry day it can drain as much as ? of the carbon fixed by the Calvin cycle

A

photorespiration; 50%

154
Q

minimizes the cost of photorespiration by incorporating CO2 into ?

A

C4 plants; four-carbon compounds in mesophyll cells

155
Q

has a higher affinity for CO2 than rubisco does

A

PEP carboxylase

156
Q

it can fix CO2 even when CO2 concentrations are low

A

PEP carboxylase

157
Q

these four-carbon compounds are exported to ?, where they release CO2 that is then used in the Calvin cycle

A

bundle-sheath cells

158
Q

some plants, including succulents, use ? to fix carbon

A

crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)

159
Q

open their stomata at night, incorporating CO2 into organic acids

A

CAM plants

160
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Stomata close during the day, and CO2 is released from organic acids and used in the Calvin cycle.

A

true

161
Q

photosynthesis produces the ? in our atmosphere

A

O2

162
Q

sugar made in the chloroplasts supplies ? to synthesize the organic molecules of cells

A

chemical energy and carbon skeletons

163
Q

plants store excess sugar as starch in structures such as ?

A

roots, tubers, seeds, and fruits

12 2nd Quarter (8 decks)

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