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photosynthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

photoautotrophs purpose

A

use light Energy to make organic molecules

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1
Q

what are the main producers of the biosphere?

A

plants and other autotrophs

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2
Q

heterotrophs purpose

A

consume organic molecules from other organisms for Energy and carbon

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3
Q

photoautotrophs examples

A

plants
cyanobacteria
purple sulfur bacteria
unicellular protists
multicellular algae

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4
Q

photosynthesis converts

A

light energy to chemical energy of food

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5
Q

chloroplasts are the site of

A

photosynthesis in plants

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6
Q

3 sites of photosynthesis

A

mesophyll
stomata
chlorophyll

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7
Q

where are chloroplasts mainly found in leaves

A

mesophyll cells

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8
Q

stomata

A

pores in leaf

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9
Q

what chemical process happens in stomata

A

CO2 enter
O2 exits

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10
Q

chlorophyll definition

A

green pigment in thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts

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11
Q

photosynthesis chemical reaction

A

6CO2 + 6H2O + Light Energy 🡪 C6H12O6 + 6O2

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12
Q

redox reaction defintion

A

reactions that involve the transfer of electrons from one species to another

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13
Q

redox reaction in photosynthesis

A

water is split 🡪
e- transferred with H+ to CO2 🡪
sugar

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14
Q

oxidation

A

loses electrons

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15
Q

reduction

A

gains electrons

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16
Q

what evidence enabled researchers to track atoms through photosynthesis?

A

Evidence that chloroplasts split water molecules

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17
Q

photosynthesis =

A

light reactions (photo) + Calvin cycle (synthesis)

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18
Q

light reactions convert

A

solar Energy to chemical Energy of ATP and NADPH

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19
Q

light = energy =

A

electromagnetic radiation

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20
Q

wavelength and energy relation

A

inversely related
shorter wavelength, higher energy

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21
Q

visible light can be detected by

A

the human eye

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22
Q

how is light seen? 3 ways

Study These Flashcards
A

reflected
transmitted
absorbed

23
Q

electromagnetic spectrum (low to high energy)

Study These Flashcards
A

radio waves
micro-waves
infrared
visible light
uv
x-rays
gamma rays

24
how are pigments absorbed in photosynthesis?
they absorb different wavelengths of light
25
how does chlorophyll absorb light
absorb violet-blue/red light, reflect green
26
chlorophyll a
(blue-green): light reaction, converts solar to chemical Energy
27
chlorophyll b
(yellow-green): converts Energy to chlorophyll a
28
carotenoids
(yellow, orange): photoprotection, broaden color spectrum for photosynthesis
29
Absorption Spectrum determines
effectiveness of different wavelengths for photosynthesis
30
action spectrum
plots rate of photosynthesis vs. wavelength (absorption of chlorophylls a, b, & carotenoids combined)
31
what did Engelmann do
used bacteria to measure rate of photosynthesis in algae established action spectrum
32
Electrons in chlorophyll molecules are _ by absorption of light
excited
33
Photosystem defintion
reaction center & light-harvesting complexes (pigment + protein)
34
Two routes for electron flow:
Linear (noncyclic) electron flow Cyclic electron flow
35
Light Reaction - Linear electron flow process (9 steps)
Chlorophyll excited by light absorption, picked up by pigment molecules in Photosystem II E passed to reaction center of Photosystem II (protein + chlorophyll a) e- captured by primary electron acceptor Redox reaction 🡪 e- transfer e- prevented from losing E (drop to ground state) H2O is split to replace e- 🡪 O2 formed e- passed to Photosystem I via ETC E transfer pumps H+ to thylakoid space ATP produced by photophosphorylation e- moves from PS I’s primary electron acceptor to 2nd ETC NADP+ reduced to NADPH
36
Light Reaction - Linear electron flow main idea
Use solar E to generate ATP & NADPH to provide E for Calvin cycle
37
Cyclic Electron Flow uses
PS I only; produces ATP for Calvin Cycle (no O2 or NADPH produced)
38
granum
stack of thylakoids
39
chemiosmosis
generates ATP in respiration and photosynthesis
40
Proton motive force generated by:
H+ from water H+ pumped across by cytochrome Removal of H+ from stroma when NADP+ is reduced
41
Calvin Cycle
Uses ATP, NADPH, CO2 Produces 3-C sugar G3P (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate)
42
3 phases of Calvin cycle
Carbon fixation Reduction Regeneration of RuBP (CO2 acceptor)
43
Calvin cycle process
3 CO2 + RuBP (5-C sugar ribulose bisphosphate) Catalyzed by enzyme rubisco (RuBP) Use 6 ATP and 6 NADPH to produce 1 net G3P Use 3 ATP to regenerate RuBP
44
Alternative mechanisms of carbon fixation have evolved in what climates?
hot and arid
45
photo respiration definition
Metabolic pathway which: Uses O2 & produces CO2 Uses ATP No sugar production (rubisco binds O2 🡪 breakdown of RuBP)
46
when does photo respiration occur? why?
on hot, dry bright days when stomata close (conserve H2O)
47
Problem with C3 Plants
CO2 fixed to 3-C compound in Calvin cycle Hot, dry days: partially close stomata, less CO2 Photorespiration less photosynthetic output (no sugars made)
48
C4 Plants
CO2 fixed to 4-C compound less photorespiration, more sugar production
49
2 types of C4 plants
mesophyll and bundle sheath cells
50
mesophyll cells
PEP carboxylase fixes CO2 (4-C), pump CO2 to bundle sheath
51
bundle sheath cells
CO2 used in Calvin cycle
52
what happens to C4 plants on hot, dry days
stomata close
53
CAM (Crassulacean acid metabolism) Plants during night
stomata open 🡪 CO2 enters 🡪 converts to organic acid, stored in mesophyll cells
54
CAM (Crassulacean acid metabolism) Plants during day
stomata closed 🡪 light reactions supply ATP, NADPH; CO2 released from organic acids for Calvin cycle
55
plant photosynthesis importance
Glucose for respiration Cellulose
56
global photosynthesis importance
O2 Production Food source

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