size and shape of cells, cells, cell organelles Flashcards
(120 cards)
1
Q
Surface area must be large enough to all the cell to:
A
obtain resources
eliminate waste
acquire/dissipate thermal energy
exchange chemicals/energy with environment
2
Q
what SA:V ratio do small cells have? what benefits does this have?
A
large
efficiently exchanges materials
3
Q
as cells increase in volume
A
the relative SA:V decreases
demand for resources increases
rates of chemical exchange may then be inadequate for cell size
4
Q
what structures are necessary for cells to exchange materials
A
complex cellular structures (membrane folds)
5
Q
as organism increase in size
A
SA:V decreases
affects rate of heat exchange with environment
6
Q
why must cells remain small?
A
maintain a large SA:V ratio
7
Q
why is a large SA:V ratio beneficial?
A
allows increased rates of chemical exchange between cell and environment
8
Q
Surface Area of a Sphere
A
SA = 4(pi)r2
9
Q
Surface Area of a Rectangular Solid
A
SA = 2/h + 2/w + 2wh
10
Q
Surface Area of a Cylinder
A
SA = 2(pi)rh + 2(pi)r2
11
Q
Surface Area of a Cube
A
SA = 6s2
12
Q
Volume of a Sphere
A
V = 4/3 pi r^3
13
Q
Volume of a Rectangular Solid
A
V=lwh
14
Q
Volume of a Cylinder
A
V=(pi)r^2 h
15
Q
Volume of a Cube
A
V = s^3
16
Q
Cell fractionation
A
take apart cells, separate major organelles
17
Q
Ultracentrifuge
A
applies a force 1,000,000x force of gravity to separate cell organelles
most dense organelles go to bottom
18
Q
nucleus function
A
control center of cell
19
Q
what does the nucleus contain
A
genetic material
20
Q
nuclear envelope
A
double membrane with pores, surrounds nucleus
continuous with rough er
Nuclear side of envelope lined with a network of protein filaments (maintains shape)
21
Q
nuclear pores function
A
control what enters/leaves nucleus
22
Q
chromatin
A
complex of DNA + proteins; makes up chromosomes
in nucleus
23
Q
nucleolus
A
region where ribosomal subunits are formed
in nucleus
24
Q
ribosomes function
A
synthesize proteins according to mRNA sequence
25
what are ribosomes composed of
ribosomal RNA + protein (Large subunit + small subunit)
26
what forms of life are ribosomes found in
all, reflects common ancestry
27
Free ribosomes
float in cytosol, produce proteins used WITHIN the cell
28
Bound ribosomes
attached to ER, make proteins for EXPORT from cell
29
ribosomes are the cell's:
proteins factories
30
ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM:
function
Regulates protein traffic & performs metabolic functions
31
ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM includes
Nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi, Lysosomes, Vacuoles, and Plasma Membrane
32
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Network of membranes and sacs that are continuous with nuclear envelope
33
Rough ER
ribosomes on surface
34
rough er functions
elps to “compartmentalize the cell”, package proteins for secretion, send transport vesicles to Golgi, make replacement membrane
35
smooth er
no ribosomes on surface
36
smooth er functions
synthesize lipids
detoxification: drugs & poisons in liver
store Ca2+ in muscle cells to help regulate muscle contraction
metabolize carbs
37
golgi apparatus
Membrane bound structure of a series of flattened stacks of membranes sacs
38
Cisternae
flattened membranous sacs that receives vesicles
in golgi
39
Cis Face
receives vesicles
40
trans face
ships vesicles
41
golgi functions
modify, store, & ship proteins
help correctly fold and make chemical modifications to newly synthesized proteins
packages these proteins for protein trafficking
42
lysosomes structure
vesicles of digestive hydrolytic
enzymes
43
lysosomes function
intracellular digestion
digests macromolecules
cleans up broken down
organelles, recycles organic material
hydrolytic enzymes facilitate apoptosis (programmed cell death)
can be used to kill cells when they are supposed to be destroyed
programmed development
control of cell growth
some cells have to die for proper development in an organism
44
where are lysosomes synthesized and transferred to?
synthesized by rER, transferred to Golgi
45
where are lysosomes found
animal cells
46
phagocytosis
cellular digestion
Lysosomes fuse with food vacuoles
polymers digested into monomers
pass to cytosol to become nutrients of cell
47
lyso
break apart
48
-some
body
49
diseases of lysosomes are often _ because
fatal:
digestive enzyme not working in lysosome
picks up biomolecules, but can’t digest one
lysosomes fill up with undigested material
grow larger & larger until disrupts cell & organ function
50
apoptosis
auto-destruct” process
lysosomes break open & kill cell
51
PEROXISOMES structure
digestive enzyme sac
52
PEROXISOMES functions
break down fatty acids to sugars
detox cell of alcohol and other poisons
53
where are PEROXISOMES found?
plants and animals
54
what chemical reaction happens in PEROXISOMES?
Catalase enzyme breaks down hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) resulting in water and oxygen
55
Glyoxysomes function
convert oils to sugars in seeds for energy source
56
VACUOLES structure
Membrane-bound vac
57
VACUOLES function
storage of food, water, minerals
58
what vacuole do plants have? why is this important?
large central vacuole -- stores water, ions
stockpile proteins, dispose of byproducts, hold pigments, store defensive compounds
59
Food vacuoles
form by phagocytosis and fuse with lysosomes
60
Contractile vacuoles in freshwater protist function
pump excess water out/maintain water and salt balance
61
Large vacuole reduces
area of cytosol, so SA/V ratio increases
62
VACUOLES in plants functions
storage
stockpiling proteins or inorganic ions
depositing metabolic byproducts
storing pigments
storing defensive
compounds against
herbivores
selective membrane
control what comes
in or goes out
63
Vesicles function
transportation
64
Central vacuoles
in many mature plant cells,
Stockpile proteins, hold pigments,
Store defense compounds
65
cells must convert what when it enters the cell? why
energy, to use for work
66
mitochondria
from glucose to ATP
67
atp is
active energy
68
chloroplasts
from sunlight to ATP & carbohydrates
69
carbohydrates are stored
energy
70
chloroplasts are only found in
plants (plastids)
71
chloroplasts function
site of photosynthesis
converts light energy into chemical energy
store chlorophyll
72
chlorophyll
captures light energy
in chloroplasts
73
why are chloroplasts in internal sac membranes
increase surface area for
membrane-bound enzymes that synthesize ATP
74
amyloplasts
store starch in roots & tubers
75
chromoplasts
store pigments for fruits & flowers
76
chloroplasts location
in leaves, other green
structures of plants &
in eukaryotic algae
77
carbon dioxide + water + energy -->
glucose + oxygen
78
main function of mitochondria
site of ATP production by oxidative phosphorylation
79
mitochondria structure
Double membrane - “compartmentalization” for different metabolic reactions
outer - smooth
inner - highly convoluted, forming folds… increase surface area for membrane bound enzymes for synthesize ATP!!
80
mitochondria functions
site of cellular respiration
Use oxygen to make ATP and breaks down carbohydrates
Generate ATP in presence of Oxygen (aerobic respiration)
Break down larger molecule into smaller to generate energy= catabolism
81
what types of cells contain mitochondria? how many are in a cell? what is this number correlated to?
eukaryotic
1 large mitochondrion/100s-1000s small mitochondria
aerobic metabolic activity
82
more activity = more _
energy = more mitochondria
83
what cells have a lot of mitochondria?
active cells (muscle, nerve)
84
ENDOSYMBIONT THEORY
Mitochondria & chloroplasts share similar origin
Prokaryotic cells engulfed by ancestors of eukaryotic cells
85
ENDOSYMBIONT THEORY evidence
structure
Transform energy
Have own ribosomes & circular DNA, enzymes
Reproduce independently within cell
Semi-autonomous (move, divide, change shape)
86
role of nucleus
control center of cell
87
rough er has
ribosomes
88
ribosomes function
site of protein synthesis
89
2 things smooth er is responsible for
makes lipids, breaks down toxins
90
golgi: newly made proteins are transported here and can go
lysosome
vacuole
91
lysosomes break down
unused materials
92
vacuoles are important for
storage
93
mitochondria makes
atp
94
chloroplasts make
sugar
95
what two things are ribosomes made up of?
proteins and rRNA
96
where are ribosomes synthesized
nucleolus
97
how many subunits make up a ribosome
2
98
why does mRNA go through the middle of a cell
tRNA to a protein
99
what is the ER attached to
nucleus
100
rough ER has ribosomes on it so it can
synthesize proteins
100
smooth er is where what happens
lipids are synthesized
101
function of the ER is to be a _ so cells can __
lattice
build things
102
what did camillo golgi discover
discovered golgi, stain cells
103
golgi complex purpose
takes information that is made in the ER and moved to cellular UPS
104
3 purposes of lysosomes
has digestive materials, kills cells, breaks down unwanted materials
105
why is the folding on mitochondria cristae important
increases surface area to make more ATP
106
2 purposes of valuoles
storage, cell growth
107
chrolorplast main puporse
photosynthesis
108
cell membrane found in what cells?
plant and animal
109
cell wall found in what cells?
plant
110
nucleus found in what cells?
plant and animal
111
ribosomes found in what cells?
plant and animal
112
ENDOPLASMIC reticulum found in what cells?
plant and animal
113
golgi found in what cells?
plant and animal
114
lysosomes found in what cells?
animal
115
vesicles found in what cells?
plant and animal
116
central vacuole found in what cells?
plant
117
peroxisome found in what cells?
plant and animal
118
mitochindria found in what cells?
plant and animal
119
chloroplasts found in what cells?
plant
