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Biology 2 > Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Photosynthesis Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

Why do organisms need energy

A

Active transport
Mitosis
Protein synthesis

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2
Q

Why do animal specially needs energy

A

Regulate body temp

Muscle contraction

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3
Q

What is the overall equation for photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12 + 6O2

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4
Q

How is energy stored until it’s needed in plant

A

Glucose/starch

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5
Q

How do animals get glucose

A

Eating other organisms

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6
Q

How is atp synthesisised

A

Condensation reaction
ADP + Pi
Atp synthase

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7
Q

Where is the energy released from in ATP

A

The hydrolysis of the bond between 2 phosphate groups

By atp hydrolase

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8
Q

How does atp move to where it’s needed

A

Diffusion

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9
Q

Give 6 reasons for why atp is a good energy source molecule

A

Stores small manageable amount of energy so none wasted as heat
Small and soluble so easily transported
Easily broken down
Quickly remade
Can phosphorylate other molecules
Can’t pass out of the cell so the cell always has an energy supply

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10
Q

What is phosphorylation

A

Transferring a Pi group to another molecule to make it more reactive

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11
Q

What is a metabolic pathway

A

A series of small reactions controlled by enzymes

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12
Q

What is photophosphorylation

A

Adding phosphate using light

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13
Q

What is photolysis

A

the splitting of a molecule using light

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14
Q

What is photoionisation

A

Light excites electrons in an atom, increasing their energy.
The electrons leave the atom
Forming a +ve ion

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15
Q

What is hydrolysis

A

Splitting a molecule using water

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16
Q

What is decarboxylation

A

Removal of CO2 from a molecule

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17
Q

What is dehydrogenation

A

Removal of H from a molecule

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18
Q

What are redox reactions

A

Have oxidation and réduction reactions

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19
Q

What is a co enzyme

A

Molecule that aids the function of an enzyme by transferring a chemical group from one molecule to another

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20
Q

What is the coenzyme in photosynthesis

A

NADP

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21
Q

How does NADP work

A

Transfers H from 1 molecule to another

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22
Q

Where does photosynthesis happen

A

Chloroplasts

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23
Q

What absorbs light energy for photosynthesis

A

Photosynthetic pigments

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24
Q

Give 3 photosynthetic pigments

A

Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll b
Carotene.

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25
Where are photosynthetic pigments found
Thylakoid membranes
26
What is the protein and pigment together called
Photo system
27
What is the difference between the 2 photo systems
Absorbs light at different wavelengths
28
What wavelength does PS1 absorb at
700nm
29
What wavelength does PS2 absorb at
680nm
30
What does the stroma contain
Enzymes | Sugars
31
What happens to carbohydrates not immediately used in the chloroplasts
Stored as starch grains in the stroma
32
What links stacked up thylakoid membranes (grana)
Lamellae
33
What are the 2 stages of photosynthesis
Light dependant | Light independent
34
Where does the light dependant reaction happen
Thylakoid membrane
35
Explain the light dependant reaction
1. Light absorbed by photosynthetic pigments in the photosystems 2. Excites electrons in the pigment 3. Electrons leave pigment molecule (photoionised) 4. Electrons add pi group to to adp 5. Electrons reduce NADP to NADPH 6. H2O oxidised to O2
36
Where does the light independent reaction happen
Stroma
37
What is the light independent reaction also called
The Calvin cycle
38
What is the 3 reasons photoionisation of chlorophyll used for
Making atp from adp and pi Reducing NADP to NADPH Water photolysis ( splitting water into H+ e- and O2)
39
What links the 2 photosystems
Electron carriers
40
What are electron carriers
Proteins that transfer electrons
41
What is the photosystems ans electron carrier combined cAlled?
Electron transport chain
42
Explain the 1st stage of the the light dependant stage
``` Light energy absorbed by PSII Electrons get excited Electrons move to a higher energy level Electrons Released from chlorophyll Move down electron transport chain to PSI ```
43
Explain the 2nd stage of the the light dependant stage
Excited electrons that leave PSII are replaced by photolysis of water
44
What is the equation for the photolysis of water
H2O -> 2H+ + 0.5O2 + 2e-
45
Explain the 3rd stage of the the light dependant stage
The excited electrons lose energy as they do down the electron transport chain Energy is used to transport proteins into the thylakoid space So that the thylakoid has a higher conc on protons that the stroma Forming proton con pc grad across thylakoid membrane Protons move into the stroma by ATP synthase Forms ATP
46
Explain the 4th stage of the the light dependant stage
Light energy absorbed by PSI Excites the electrons to a higher energy level Electrons transferred to NADP and a proton from a stroma reduces it to form NADPH
47
What is the proton conc grad between the stroma and thylakoid membrane called
Chemiosmosis
48
What is cyclic phosphorylation
Only uses PS1 Electrons from chlorophyll aren’t passed onto NADP but back to PS1 So no NADP or O2 produced
49
Where does the Calvin cycle happen
Stroma
50
Why is the Calvin cycle cyclical
Ribulose biphosphate is regenerated
51
Explain thé 1st stage of the Calvin cycle
CO2 enters leaf through stomata and diffuses into stroma Combines with ribulose biphosphate Catalysed by rubisco Forms 2 molecules of glycerate 3 phosphate
52
How many carbons is in ribulose biphosphate
5
53
How many c in glycerate 3 phosphate
3
54
Explain thé 2nd stage of the Calvin cycle
The hydrolysis of atp provides energy to turn 2x glycerate 3 phosphate into 2x triose phosphate NADPH is oxidised into NADP releasing H+ Triose photosphate converted into useful sugars some regenerated at ribsulose biphosphate
55
How is ribulose biphosphate regenerated
5/6 molecules of triose phosphate stays in the cycle | Ends atp from the light dependant reaction
56
How are carbohydrates made
Joining 2 triose phosphate to make hexose sugars
57
How are lipids made
Glycerol is made from triose phosphate | Fatty acids are made from glycerate 3 phosphate
58
How are amino acids made
Made from glycerate 3 phosphate
59
Why does the Calvin cycle have to go round 6 times to produce 1 hexose sugar
3 turns = 6 triose phosphate 1/6 used to make a hexose sugar = 3 carbons 6 turns = 12 triose phosphate 2/12 = 6 carbons = 1 hexose sugar
60
How many atp is needed for 1 hexose sugar to be produced
18
61
How many NADPH is needed for 1 hexose sugar to be produced
12
62
Why is only 1/6 triose phosphate used to make hexose sugars
Keep the cycle going | Always enough ribulose biphosphate to combine with CO2
63
What are the 4 limiting factors of photosynthesis
Light intensity Wavelength of light Temp CO2 conc
64
What is the effect of high light intensity
Light dependant reaction increases rate | More atp produced
65
What happens is green light is used
Rate of light dependant reaction slows Chlorophyll a and b and carotene only absorb red and blue light Green is reflected
66
What is the effect of the optimal temp used (25)
Enzymes (atp synthase sans rubisco) work best Not denatured or inactive Ans stomata are open because at high temps they close to avoid too much water loss so more CO2 can enter
67
Effect of 0.4% CO2 conc
Increases rate of photosynthesis
68
What mineral ion is used to make chlorophyll a
Mg
69
What is the problem with water logged soil for plants
Reduces uptake of mineral ions
70
How do farmers get the optimum CO2 conc
Burning propane in a generator
71
How do farmers get the optimum light intensity
Lamps
72
How do farmers get the optimum temp
Heater and cooling systems Air circulation systems Greenhouses

Biology 2 (14 decks)

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