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Biology > Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

What are the reactants and products of photosynthesis?

A

Reactant: 6CO2 (Carbon dioxide) + 6H2O (water) + Light energy Product: C6H12O6 (glucose)+ 6O2 (oxygen)

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2
Q

What are thylakoids? Where are they found?

A

Chloroplasts have flat discs called thylakoids, which contain light-absorbing pigments. Turn light energy into chemical energy.

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3
Q

What light-absorbing pigment reflects green?

A

Chlorophyll

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4
Q

What light-absorbing pigment reflects red, orange, and yellow?

A

Carotenoid

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5
Q

What is Auxin?

A

Auxin is a plant hormone that promotes growth and responds to light.

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6
Q

What are the three steps of cellular respiration?

A

Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and Electron Transport chain.

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7
Q

Explain the first step of cellular respiration.

A

Glycolysis. Occurs in the cytoplasm. Series of chemical reactions that splits glucose (6 carbons) into 2 pyruvate/pyruvic acid (3-carbon) molecules and makes a small amount of ATP (2 ATP) and 2 NADH. Pyruvate can enter the Krebs cycle but glucose cannot.

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8
Q

Explain the second step of cellular respiration.

A

Krebs Cycle. Takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria. Series of chemical reactions that break down pyruvate. Pyruvic acid= 6 CO2+ 2 ATP energy. 6 NADH, 2 ATP, and 2 FADH2 are produced in the Krebs cycle (per glucose).

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9
Q

Explain the third step of cellular respiration.

A

Electron Transport Chain
Occurs in the inner membrane. Electrons from NADH and FADH2 are moved across the ETC. E-, H+, and O2 combine to make H2O. ATP synthase pumps H+ across the membrane to make 32 ATP and release water.

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10
Q

What is ATP energy?

A

It is the main energy source that cells use for most of their work.

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11
Q

What is ADP?

A

The compound that remains when a phosphate group is removed from ATP, releasing energy.

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12
Q

What is fermentation?

A

A process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen.

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13
Q

What is lactic acid fermentation?

A

A chemical breakdown of carbohydrates involving no oxygen that produces lactic acid as the main end product.

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14
Q

What is lactic acid?

A

Produced in muscle cells from the reduction of pyruvate to regenerate NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue.

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15
Q

What is alcoholic fermentation?

A

A process used by yeast cells and some bacteria that involves no oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol.

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16
Q

What is a photosystem?

A

Light collecting units of the chloroplasts.

17
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

Respiration that requires oxygen.

18
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

Respiration that does not require oxygen.

19
Q

What is the first step of light reactions?

A

In photosystem II, sunlight strikes the chlorophyll molecules in the thylakoid absorbs light energy. electrons within the pigments become energized or ‘excited’.

20
Q

What is the second step of light reactions?

A

Excited electrons travel down the electron transport chains. Their energy is being used to power Proton pumps. This allows H+ ions to enter the Thylakoid.

21
Q

What is the third step of light reactions?

A

At Photosystem 1, electrons get accepted by NADP+ with hydrogen to make NADPH.

22
Q

What is the first step of the Clavin Cycle?

A

Carbon Fixation. A CO2 molecule combines with a 5 carbon compound called RuBP. This 6-carbon compound splits in two because it’s unstable, making two 3-carbon compounds called 3-PGA. This reaction is catalyzed by the enzymes Rubisco.

23
Q

What is the second step of the Calvin Cycle?

A

Reduction. ATP and NADPH are used to convert the 3-PGA molecules into molecules of a three-carbon sugar called G3P.

24
Q

What is the third step of the Calvin Cycle?

A

Regeneration. Some G3P molecules go to make glucose, while others must be recycled to regenerate the RuBP compound.

25
Q

What are the three steps of the Calvin Cycle?

A

Carbon Fixation, Reduction, and Regeneration.

Biology (12 decks)

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