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PHY 2 FINAL Flashcards

1
Q

What is the frequency of a transducer if the period is 25 million cycles/ sec?

A

25 MHz Pg. 21

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2
Q

What are the ranges for audible, ultrasound, and infrasound?

A

Infrasound - less than 20Hz Audible - 20Hz - 20 kHz Ultrasound - greater than 20kHz Pg. 22

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3
Q

What are the seven parameters to describe sound waves? Is it adjustable? What is is determined by?

A

Period (time)- not adjustable, determined by source
Frequency (Hz)- not adjustable, determined by source
Amplitude (dB)- adjustable, determined by source
Power (W)- adjustable, determined by source
Intensity (W/cm2)- adjustable, determined by source
Wavelength (distance)- not adjustable, determined by source and medium
Speed (m/s)- not adjustable, determined by medium

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4
Q

If intensity remains the same, while power is doubled, what happens to the beam area?

A

Doubled Pg 44

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5
Q

What are the acoustic variables?

A

Pressure (pascals)
Density (kg/cm^3)
Distance (cm,mm) Pg 12

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6
Q

What would create the longest wavelength?

A

The lower the frequency, the longer the wavelength pg. 34

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7
Q

What is the term used to describe from the start of a pulse to the end of a pulse?

A

Pulse duration Pg 49

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8
Q

What scale do we use for decibels?

A

Logarithmic Pg 77

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9
Q

What will intensity do if you have 3 dBs?

A

Intensity is doubled at 3dB Pg 78

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10
Q

If initial intensity is less than the final intensity, then what will the gain in decibels be?

A

Positive, the beam’s intensity is increasing pg. 79

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11
Q

Rayleigh scattering is related to ___.

A

Frequency^4

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12
Q

Soft tissue attenuation coefficient is directly related to ___.

A

Frequency Attenuation coefficient= 0.5dB/cm/MHz

pg. 85

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13
Q

What are the different speeds and attenuation we will find in different mediums?

A

Medium, Attenuation, speed water, extremely low, 1480m/s blood/urine/biological fluids, low, 1560m/s fat, low 1450m/s soft tissue, intermediate 1540m/s muscle, higher, 1600m/s bong and lung, even higher, 3500m/s (bone) 500m/s (lung) air, extremely high, 300m/s pg. 86 and 37

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14
Q

If two PZT are made from the same material, the thicker crystal will make a pulsed transducer that is ___.

A

Lower frequency pg. 127

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15
Q

What happens when we exceed the Curie point?

A

Depolarization Pg 120

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16
Q

Which component of a transducer reduces ringing of a pulse and is made of epoxy resin impregnated with tungsten filaments?

A

Backing material “Damping element” Pg 115

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17
Q

Know all about crystals and what they may produce (thick/thin crystals, high/low speeds).

A

Materials which convert sound into electricity and vice versa
Names: Piezoelectric, ferroelectric, PZT, lead zirconate titanate, ceramic, active element, & crystal
High frequency transducer: thinner PZT with higher speeds
Low frequency transducer: thicker PZT with lower speeds
pg. 113 & 125

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18
Q

What resolution is improved by damping material?

A

Axial Pg 115

Longitudinal pg. 126

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19
Q

The voltage of a pulsed transducer is 6 MHz, what will the frequency be?

A

Cannot be determined by electrical signal pg. 126

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20
Q

Frequency is given for a continuous wave probe is 6 MHz, what is the operating frequency? (what is the relationship between these two)

A

Identical (6MHz) pg. 127

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21
Q

What is the order of impedences from greatest to least? (matching layer, skin, gel, PZT)

A

PZT > matching layer > gel > skin pg. 116

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22
Q

Which component of a transducer contains cork and prevents vibrations in the case from inducing an electrical voltage in the PZT of the transducer?

A

Acoustic insulator Pg 115

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23
Q

What does the matching layer do?

A

Increases the percentage of transmitted sound between the active element and the skin; protects the active element pg. 115-116

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24
Q

How are frequency and near zone length related?

A

Directly Pg 135

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25
Anatomy of a sound wave (5 questions)
- Focus/focal point= where the beam is narrowest - Near Zone/field, Fresnel Zone= distance from the transducer to the focus - Near zone length/focal zone length/ focal depth= distance from the transducer face to the focus - Far zone/ field, Fraunhoffer zone= region deeper than the focus, where the sound beam diverges - Focal zone= region around the focus where the beam is relatively narrow, where the most accurate images come from pg. 131
26
How is the focal length of a sound beam determined?
1) Transducer diameter 2) Frequency of sound pg. 135
27
What is the spread of a sound beam in the far field?
Divergence pg. 139
28
What will create the best lateral resolution in the far field based on frequency and diameter?
The largest diameter and highest frequency (least divergence) pg. 153
29
LARRD (multiple questions)
``` Longitudinal Axial Range Radial Depth -parallel to beam's axis -best with less ringing and high frequency pg. 146 ```
30
LATA (multiple questions)
``` Lateral Angular Transverse Azimuthal - perpendicular to beam's axis - best with decrease FOV and at focus pg. 153 ```
31
What is lateral resolution?
the ability to distinguish 2 structures perpendicular to beam pg. 151
32
Which intensity is most important when it comes to biological effects?
SPTA pg. 74
33
Which intensity is considered the maximum?
Peak Pg 69
34
What are the units for intensity?
W/cm^2 pg. 73
35
What are the six different kinds of intensity?
``` SPTP SATP SPTA SATA SPPA SAPA p73 ```
36
What is an incident of a sound wave?
The angle at which the wave strikes the boundary | p90
37
What is the difference between transmission, reflection, and incident intensity? (6 questions)
Incident intensity= the sound wave's intensity immediately before it strikes a boundary Reflected intensity= percentage of intensity that returns , after striking the boundary Transmitted intensity=the percentage of intensity that continues forward after the boundary Incident intensity= reflected intensity + transmitted intensity pg 92
38
What is the half value layer thickness?
The distance sound travels in a tissue that reduces the intensity of sound to 1/2 of its original value. pg 87
39
What is the angle degree for normal incidence?
90
40
What is the intensity reflection coefficient? (3 questions)
The percentage of the intensity that bounces back when a sound beam strikes the boundary between 2 media. In clinical imaging, very little of the sound wave's intensity is reflected at the boundary between 2 soft tissues. Greater percentage of the wave is reflected when it strikes a boundary between soft tissue and bode or air. pg 93
41
To have normal incidence, you have to have different what?
difference in acoustic impedance. pg 88
42
Specular reflections arise from what?
The sound is reflected in only one direction in an organized manner. When it strikes a smooth boundary. pg 81
43
What is the term used to describe transmission with a bend?
Refraction pg 100
44
What can happen with both oblique incidence and different propagation speeds?
Refraction pg 101
45
Snell's Law describes what?
The physics of refraction pg. 102
46
What is it called when two sound waves are traveling towards something and they both arrive at the same time?
Interference Pg 18
47
Thumbs up and thumbs down rule (stiffness and density)
Stiffness directly related to speed Density inversely related to speed pg. 39 Stiff but not dense will have the fastest speed Not stiff and very dense will have the slowest speed
48
What is attenuation?
Sound waves weaken as they propagate in a medium. A decrease in intensity, power and amplitude as the sound travels through the medium pg 80
49
Impedence is a characteristic of what?
Medium only pg 88
50
What type of transducer and frequency do we use on different parts of the body?
Small parts: Linear, High frequency Abdomen: Convex, Lower frequency
51
What is the ability to distinguish between two structures lying close together called?
Resolution pg. 149
52
What is the best choice for attenuation coefficient in soft tissue?
one-half of the frequency pg 85
53
Attenuation is determined by what two factors?
1.path length 2.frequency pg 80
54
What is the term used to describe the redirection of sound in many directions?
Scattering pg 82
55
What do we consider a rough boundary?
most interfaces in the body pg. 82
56
What is time of flight?
The elapsed time from pulse creation to pulse reception pg. 107
57
What is Q-factor?
Q-factor = main frequency/bandwidth Imaging probes have a low-Q pg. 119
58
All the different names used to describe time of flight
Go return time pg. 107
59
What is the 13 microsecond rule?
When sound travels through soft tissue, for every 13 microseconds of go-return time, the object creating the reflection is 1 cm deeper pg. 108
60
When you change your depth, what happens to PRP?
Doubles Per Game Review Shallow Depth = Short PRP pg. 109
61
Axial resolution deals with structures that are located where on the sound beam?
Parallel Per Game Review pg. 145
62
What happens to the numerical value of LARRD as frequency increases?
Decreases Per Game Review pg. 148
63
If you are given a frequency, what will have the best axial resolution? # of cycles
High frequency (shorter wavelength) Fewer cycles per pulse (less ringing) pg. 148
64
Why is it difficult to study biological effects in living tissue?
Absorption (biggest reason), scattering and reflection pg. 170
65
What is the empirical approach?
Based on the acquisition and review of information from patients and animals exposed to ultrasound. Searches for a relationship between exposure and response pg. 407
66
What is the difference between stable cavitation and transient cavitation?
Stable: oscillating bubble microstreamng and shear stresses lower MI ``` Transient: normal, inertial bursting bubble shock waves and very high temperatures higher MI pg. 411 ```
67
What is the primary investigative technique used in epidemiology?
Reviewing of the charts Per Game Review
68
What is the most common intensity that is involved with tissue heating?
SPTA pg. 74
69
How do we study biological effects of non-living things?
in vitro pg. 405
70
Which will have the least amount of temperature elevation, focused or unfocused sound beams?
Focused sound beams per Game Review
71
What should we do if we find a broken housing or a frayed wire on an ultrasound machine?
Do not use it
72
When is it okay to perform an ultrasound on a patient?
When the benefits outweigh the risks pg. 405
73
What is the x-axis and y-axis on A, B, and M Mode?
A-mode: x=depth, y=amplitude z=none B-mode: x=depth, y=none, z=amplitude M-mode: x=time, y=depth, z=none pg. 163
74
A Mode
Amplitude Mode appearing as a series of upward spikes (big city skyline) pg. 159-160
75
B Mode
Brightness Mode appearing as a line of dots of varying brightness, first form of gray scale imaging pg. 161
76
M Mode
Motion Mode appearing as a group of horizontal wavy lines (heart rate) pg. 162 Only one that provides information about a reflector's changing location with respect to time
77
What must we have to have gray scale imaging?
scan converter Per Game Review
78
What is the difference between pre-processing and post-processing?
Pre-processing is manipulation of image data before storage Post-processing is manipulation of image data after stoarge pg. 249
79
What is spatial compouding?
method of using sonographic information from several different imaging angles to produce 1 single image pg. 254
80
What is fill-in interpolation?
method of constructing new simulated data points to fill in the gaps pg. 257
81
What is persistence?
AKA temporal compounding or averaging image processing technique that continues to display information from older images, which smooths the image pg. 256
82
What is edge enhancement?
image processing method that makes pictures look sharper pg. 255
83
What are the advantages of the PACS system?
virtually instant access to archived studies no degradation of data ability to electronically transmit images and reports to remote sites "store and forward" pg. 259
84
When sending the signal from the transducer to the receiver, what form is the information in?
analog to digital form pg. 247
85
What do contrast agents need to be?
``` Safe Metabolically inert Long lasting Strong reflector of ultrasound Small enough to pass through capillaries pg. 278 ```
86
What is harmonic imaging? (convert harmonic frequency to fundamental frequency)
harmonic imaging is the creatioin of an image from sound reflections at twice the frequency of the transmitted sound pg. 269
87
What is the difference between pulsatile and phasic flow?
Pulsatile flow occurs when blood moves with a variable velocity. (cardiac contraction, arterial) Phasic flow occurs when blood moves with a variable velocity (respiration, venous) pg. 286
88
What are the different types of laminar flow?
Plug flow: all layers and blood cells travel at the same velocity Parabolic flow: flow has bullet-shaped profile pg. 287
89
What is the Reynold's number for turbulent flow?
greater than 2000 pg. 288
90
What are the effects of a stenosis?
``` Change in flow direction Increased velocity as vessel narrows Turbulence downstream from the stenosis Pressure gradient across the stenosis Loss of pulsatility pg. 292 ```
91
What is the hyrdrostatic pressure in different parts of the body while standing and laying supine?
``` Standing: Finger in air: -50 mmHg Heart: 0 mmHg Waist: 50 mmHg Knee: 75 mmHg Ankle: 100 mmHg pg. 298 ``` Supine: 0 mmHg everywhere pg. 297
92
What is coaptation?
Compressing a vessel Per Beth
93
What happens to the pressure in different parts of the body while inhaling and exhaling?
``` Inspiration: Diaphragm moves down Thoracic pressure decreases Abdominal pressure increases Venous return to heart increases Venous flow in legs decreases ``` ``` Expiration: Diaphragm moves up Thoracic pressure increases Abdominal pressure decreases Venous return to heart decreases Venous flow in legs increases pg. 301 ```
94
What is the Doppler shift called when the sound source and the receiver are moving farther apart?
Negative Doppler shift pg. 305
95
What is the typical range for a Doppler shift?
20 Hz - 20,000 Hz pg. 304
96
What is the phenomenon called when high velocities appear negative?
Aliasing pg. 315
97
What are five ways that we can eliminate aliasing? Which is for appearance only?
1. Adjust scale to its maximum 2. Select a new ultrasonic view with a shallower sample volume 3. Select a lower frequency transducer 4. Use baseline shift - for appearance only 5. Use continuous wave Doppler pg. 319 and 322
98
What are the x-axis and y-axis for Doppler on a spectral analysis?
x-axis: time | y-axis: velocity pg. 307
99
Doppler shift is inversely related to ___.
Propagation speed pg. 306
100
What is unidirection Doppler?
Either flow away or towards the transducer? pg. 311
101
If red blood cells are traveling toward the transducer, what kind of Doppler shift is this?
Positive Doppler shift pg. 304
102
What is the primary advantage of pulsed Doppler?
Being able to see the exact location where the velocity is being measured called range resolution, range specificity, or freedom from range ambiguity artifact pg. 314
103
What is the primary advantage of continuous wave Doppler?
accurately measures very high velocities pg. 312
104
What is the disadvantage of using color Doppler?
aliasing pg. 325
105
The area of interrogation on Doppler is called what?
sample volume pg. 339
106
What tool has increased sensitivity to low flow states?
Power Doppler pg. 333 | Continuous wave pg. 313
107
Know all describing factors of an ultrasound image
``` Hyperechoic Hypoechoic Anechoic Isoechoic Homogeneous Heterogeneous pg. 356 ```
108
Why do we have artifacts?
error in imaging from violation of assumptions equipment malfunction/poor design physics of ultrasound operator error pg. 355
109
Which artifact has equally spaced parallel lines?
Reverberation pg. 357
110
``` Which artifact is unrelated to the dimensions of ultrasound? A. Lateral resolution B. Depth resolution C. Slice Thickness D. Refraction ```
Refraction pg. 378
111
``` What artifact produces an incorrect number of reflectors? A. Propagation speed error B. Multipath C. Enhancement D. Side Lobes ```
Side lobe artifact pg. 377
112
What is mirror image?
When sound reflects off a strong reflector and is redirected toward a second structure appears deeper than true reflector on a straight line pg. 363
113
What kind of transducer do side lobes and grating lobes come from?
Side lobes created by mechanical probes Grating lobes created by array transducers pg. 367
114
What are axial and lateral resolution artifacts?
Lateral occurs when a pair of side-by-side reflectors are closer than the width of the sound beam and they appear as 1. Axial occurs when a long pulse strikes 2 closely spaced structures where one is in front of the other they appear as 1. pg. 370
115
Where does edge shadow come from?
curved reflector pg. 360
116
What is focal banding?
AKA focal enhancement | Hyperechoic side-to-side region from increased intensity at the focus pg. 362
117
What is enhancement?
hyperechoic region below structure from the result of too little attenuation pg. 361
118
What are speed errors?
When sound wave propagates through a medium at a speed other than that of soft tissue pg. 364
119
What is speckle?
Noise resulting from the constructive and destructive interference of small sound wavelets pg. 374
120
What is range ambiguity artifact?
Occurs when a reflecting structure is located deeper than the imaging depth of the image; reflector is located shallower on the image pg. 373
121
What is cross talk?
mirror image artifact that appears on a spectral Doppler display pg. 363
122
What is a tissue equivalent phantom? (2 questions)
Used to evaluate characteristics such as gray scale and tissue texture, and multi-focus and adjustable-focus phased array transducers Gray scale is evaluated pg. 382
123
What are the rules for informed consent?
Patient must be competent and consent must be voluntary the goal is to allow patients to be knowledgeable of their health care pg. 393
124
A perfect technique for example, MRI or Angio, that would deem 100% accurate with ultrasound is called what?
Gold Standard Per Beth
125
What are we testing with quality assurance?
Validates the consistency of ultrasound images and the accuracy of measurement devices pg. 379
126
According to the AIUM and FDA bioeffects intensity limits, what is the difference between focused and unfocused sound beams?
Unfocused beam is more likely to cause a rise in temperature because the beam spreads over a broad area pg. 549
127
What is the first thing you should do when entering a patient's room?
It is important to treat patients with respect. Therefore, the first action should be to introduce themselves to the patient. p399
128
What kind of transducer, if it's crystals get destroyed, will have the whole image compromised?
mechanical pg 167
129
What transducer is focused in all planes and at all depths?
Annular Phased Array Per Game Review
130
What is the advantage of a 1.5 dimensional array transducer? What type of dimension are we looking at?
3D/4D. | Has the advantage of Elevational Resolution. pg 188
131
What is the image shape for a vector array?
Trapezoidal
132
What type of transducer has elements that are in a straight line?
Linear
133
What transducer has circular rings and a common center?
Annular pg 179
134
Which transducer has it's elements in a bow shape?
Curved
135
What does phased array mean?
adjustable pg 170
136
Dropout of an image from top to bottom is produced by what type of transducer?
Linear Sequential Array | Convex/curve pg 180
137
Dropout of an image from side to side is produced by what type of transducer?
Annular phased array pg 179
138
Know all about mechanical probes
single crystal sector shaped image mechanical steering fixed focus pg 167
139
What is dynamic aperture?
the "listening hole" it is a technique used to make a sound beam narrow over a greater range of depths. pg 194
140
The ability to accurately locate a moving structure at any point or time is what?
Temporal Resolution Per Game Review
141
What will degrade temporal resolution?
low frame rates pg 372
142
If we double our depth of view, what happens to the frame rate?
1/2 Per Game Review
143
What degrades temporal resolution?
low frame rates pg 372
144
With a given Hz, how long will it take to make a single frame?
reciprocals, so for example given frequency is 30 Hz, it will take 1/30 sec to create a frame pg. 214
145
Lateral resolution will improve with ___.
High frequency | Large Diameter Per Game Review
146
The depth of a scan is 15 cm, there are 100 lines in the image. What are the number of pulses that make up the scan?
100 pulses pg. 213
147
What is consistent with increased or improved spatial resolution?
high line density pg 372
148
Which ultrasound system component organizes and times the functions?
Master Synchronizer Per Game Review
149
What component of an ultrasound system creates the electrical signal that excites the PZT?
Pulser Per Game Review
150
Know the anatomic areas of the TGC curve
``` near gain delay slope knee far gain pg 228 ```
151
On a TGC curve, what location does attenuation take place?
Slope
152
What creates the firing pattern for a phased array transducer?
Beam Former Per Game Review
153
Of receiver functions, which treats signals differently depending on depth?
Compensation Per Game Review
154
If an image is too dark or too bright the sonographer should decide between output power and receiver gain keeping what in mind?
ALARA Per Game Review
155
Which receiver function affects only the weak signals, leaving the strong signals unchanged?
Reject Per Game Review
156
If an image is dark in the near field but you can still see what's in the far field, what should be adjusted?
TGC Per Game Review
157
Which function will affect the strength of every pulse transmitted into the body?
Output Power Per Game Review Amplification Pg. 224
158
What is signal to noise ratio?
a comparison of the meaningful information (signal) in an image, compared to the amount of contamination (noise) pg 219
159
What are the describing words for intensity?
Bigness or spatial peak average temporal pulsed pg 69
160
What is the dominating contributor to attenuation?
Absorption pg84
161
How do you calculate attenuation?
total attenuation= attenuation coefficient x distance pg 85
162
When can a patient revoke their consent?
Any time pg. 393
163
Bigness parameters
Amplitude Power Intensity
164
Five parameters to describe pulsed wave. It is adjustable? What is it determined by?
Pulse duration (time)- not adjustable, determined by source Pulse repetition period (time)- adjustable, determined by source Pulse repetition frequency (Hz)- adjustable, determined by source Duty factor- adjustable, determined by source and medium Spatial pulse length (distance)- not adjustable, determined by source
165
Every 10 dB change means that the intensity will
increase ten times
166
A reduction in the intensity of a sound beam to one-half of its original value is
-3 dB
167
What is positioned in front of the PZT, is a 1/4 wavelength thick?
Matching layer | p 115
168
If the frequency of the electrical excitation voltage of a pulsed wave transducer is 6 MHz, then the operating frequency of the transducer is 6 MHz.
False. With pulsed wave transducers, the frequency of sound is not determined by the electrical signal. p 126
169
If the frequency of the electrical excitation voltage of a continuous wave transducer is 6 MHz, then the operating frequency of the transducer is 6 MHz.
True. The frequency of the electrical voltage and the frequency of the sound beam are identical with continuous wave transducer. p 127
170
Which of the following probes creates a beam with the shallowest focus?
Smaller diameter, low frequency | p 138
171
Which of the following probes creates a beam with the deepest focus?
Larger diameter, higher frequency | p136
172
The impedance of a transducer active element is 1,900,000 Rayls, and the impedance of the skin is 1,400,000 Rayls. What is an acceptable impedance for the matching layer?
1,750,000 The impedance of the matching layer is between that of the active element and the skin p 127
173
With a pulsed wave transducer, frequency is determined by what two factors
1. speed of sound in the PZT 2. thickness of the PZT p123
174
Which component helps determines the focal length of the sound beam?
Active element | p 131
175
Intensities from largest to smallest
SPTP -> Im -> SPPA -> SPTA -> SATA | p74
176
PORNN
``` Perpendicular Orthogonal Right angle 90 degrees Normal ```
177
Thin half value vs Thick half value
Thin: - high frequency sound - media with high attenuation rate Thick: - low frequency sound - media with low attenuation rate p87
178
Half value layer thickness depends on two factors
-the medium -the frequency of sound p87
179
A sound wave with an intensity of 30 W/cm^2 strikes a boundary and is totally reflected. What is the intensity reflection coefficient?
100% p94
180
A sound wave with an intensity of 40 W/cm^2 strikes a boundary and is totally reflected. What is the reflected intensity?
40 W/cm^2 p94
181
Contributors to attenuation
1. Reflection 2. Scattering 3. Absorption p81
182
Mechanistic Approach
A proposal that a specific mechanism has the potential to produce bioeffects. Searches for a relationship between cause and effect. p407
183
Steady flow
Occurs when a fluid moves at a constant speed or velocity | p286
184
Turbulent flow
Characterized by chaotic flow patterns in many different directions and at many speed p288
185
Velocity indicates
The speed or swiftness of a fluid moving from one location to another "how fast?" p285
186
Low line density has a _____ sector
narrow
187
High line density has a _____ sector
wide
188
Multi-focusing improves
Lateral resolution
189
Higher line density improves
Spatial resolution

LMC Ultrasound (32 decks)

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