Phylogenics

Question 1

When did cellular life start?

Answer 1

3.8 bya

Question 2

Fossils started at

Answer 2

3.5 bya

Question 3

Endosymbiotic bacteria became what?

Answer 3

Mitochondria in eukaryotes

Question 4

Endosymbiotic, photosynthetic bacteria became what?

Answer 4

Chloroplasts

Question 5

Systematics is used to develop what

Answer 5

Phylogenies

Question 6

The genetic code is based on what

Answer 6

DNA

Question 7

DNA is expressed by

Answer 7

Rna intermediates

Question 8

Proteins, which regulate properties of organisms, are assembled by

Answer 8

Free amino acids

Question 9

Ribosomes translate

Answer 9

mRNA

Question 10

What two molecules play an important part in catalytic activity of the ribosomes

Answer 10

mRNA and tRNA

Question 11

Chemiosmosis leads to what?

Answer 11

ATP production

Question 12

What are Krebs cycle and Glycolysis used for

Answer 12

To liberate electrons from carbon skeletons

Question 13

Inside a cell, the concentration of Na is (higher/lower) and K is (higher/lower) than outside.

Answer 13

lower, higher

Question 14

All groups used in classification must be what kind of clades?

Answer 14

monophyletic

Question 15

Characters derived from a common ancestral character are

Answer 15

homologous

Question 16

Characters similar in appearance or function but derived from different ancestral characters are not homologous but may be

Answer 16

analogous

Question 17

Analogous structures result from what kinds of evolution?

Answer 17

Convergent/parallel

Question 18

When the same character evolves independently in a number of separate but related groups, this is called

Answer 18

parallel evolution

Question 19

Parallel evolution is an example of what kind of character?

Answer 19

plesiomorphic

Question 20

The difference between convergent and parallel evolution is the

Answer 20

degree of relatedness of groups

Question 21

What four ways are used to separate ancestral (plesiomorphic) from derived (apomorphic) characters?

Answer 21

Fossil evidence, embryology, if the trait is rare, using an outgroup

Question 22

A ________ shows the attachment of branches to the tree reflecting branching patterns, or divergences of groups from common ancestors.

Answer 22

Cladogram

Question 23

A ________ attempts to convey some sense of timing and rate of these events using branch lengths that represent amount of change

Answer 23

Phylogram

Question 24

A __________ can be of a gene, a species or group of species at any taxonomic level

Answer 24

phylogeny

Question 25

Convergence is

Answer 25

the same sort of trait derived from a different ancestral trait, perhaps because of similar selective pressures

Question 26

Do homoplasies (homoplastic characters) indicate relatedness?

Answer 26

no

Question 27

Define synapomorphic trait

Answer 27

The two groups of organisms inherited the trait from a common ancestor (homologous) which first evolved the trait.

Question 28

Define symplesiomorphic trait

Answer 28

The two groups of organisms inherited the trait from a common ancestor but the lineage had ALWAYS exhibited that trait (shared but primitive)

Question 29

Define Homoplasious character

Answer 29

The organisms each inherited the trait from difference ancestors independent by parallel evolution or convergence

Question 30

What type of character is used in phylogenic analysis?

Answer 30

Synapomorphic

Question 31

What is another word for apomorphic characters?

Answer 31

derived, indicates descent from a recent common ancestor.

Question 32

What is another word for plesiomorphic characters?

Answer 32

primitive

Question 33

What is an autapomorphy?

Answer 33

A single occurrence of a derived trait

Question 34

Synapomorphic means

Answer 34

shared and derived

Question 35

The outgroup's traits in common with the ingroup would be considered what kind of character?

Answer 35

Plesiomorphic, or primitive

Question 36

Define sister groups

Answer 36

term that indicates that two or more groups diverged from the same common ancestor at the same time

Question 37

Define a monophyly or monophyletic group

Answer 37

includes all descendants of a single common ancestor

Question 38

define a polyphyletic group

Answer 38

A group of organisms that EXCLUDES the common ancestor

Question 39

Define a paraphyly or paraphyletic group

Answer 39

A group that includes the common ancestor but not all of the descendants

Question 40

Reptiles and birds are an example of what kind of group?

Answer 40

Paraphyletic

Question 41

Which type of group is the only one that can be used in classification?

Answer 41

Monophyletic group

Question 42

Define the molecular clock hypothesis

Answer 42

Rates of molecular change are constant and can be used to predict evolutionary divergence times