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Neuro anatomy Exam 1 > Phys Cognition/sensation/perception > Flashcards

Phys Cognition/sensation/perception Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

Levels of consciousness:
Full consciousness
Lethargy -

A

Lethargy - general slowing of cognitive & motor processes
- Interactions can easily get diverted, need frequent redirection

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2
Q

Levels of consciousness:

Obtundation -

A
  • Dulled or blunted sensitivity, difficult to arouse

- Respond slowly when awake, frequently confused when awake

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3
Q

Levels of consciousness:

Stupor -

A

State of semi-consciousness, only arouses with intense stimulation (deep pressure pain)

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4
Q

Levels of consciousness:

Coma -

A

Unconsciousness

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5
Q

What system is interrupted when consciousness goes wrong?

A

Ascending reticular activating systems - functions to arouse and awake the brain and control sleep/wake cycles

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6
Q 
How do we measure level of consciousness? (WHAT SCALE?)
What three areas of consciousness do we measure?
What scores (3-15) mean?
A 
Glasgow Coma scale:
1. Eye opening
2. Motor response
3. Verbal response
<8: severe
9-12: moderate
13-15: mild
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7
Q

What three measures for orientation?

A
  1. Person (What is your name, how old are you, where are you from?)
  2. Place (Where are you right now? What city/state? What is the name of this place?)
  3. Time (What day, month, year, season?)
  4. Situation (What happened? Why are you here?)
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8
Q

Sustained attention -

How test for it?

A

Sustained attention - sustain and focus attention over duration of time
Test: Cancellation test - template with different pictures, have patient circle all birds and can they do it without losing attention?

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9
Q

Selective Attention -

How test for it?

A

Selective attention - ability to screen and process relevant sensory info about the task and environment while screening out irrelevant information
Test: Stroop test - say out loud the color of the word, not what color the word reads

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10
Q

Divided attention -

How test for it?

A

Divided attention - ability to perform 2 task simultaneously
Test: Walkie-talkie test - can walk alongside me with a conversation without either degenerating

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11
Q

Alternating Attention -

How to test for it?

A

Alternating attention - Attention flexibility

Test: Supine to sit to immediate sit to stand

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12
Q

Declarative (explicit) memory -

A

conscious recollection of facts and events

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13
Q

Non-declarative (procedural, implicit)

A

recall of movements/movement schema without conscious recollections

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14
Q

Immediate recall -

A

After short interval of time (sec-min)

Ex: repeat after me…

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15
Q

Short-term memory -

A

Recent or working memory (min-hours/day)

EX: day to day events/learning new material

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16
Q

Long-term memory -

A 
Remote memory (months-years)
EX: birthdays, historical events
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17
Q

Executive function -
What part of brain?
Any specific tests?

A
  • Capacity to engage successfully in independent, purposeful, self-directed behavior
  • Prefontal cortex
  • No specific tests
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18
Q

Executive function:

1. Volition/Planning -

A

Goal planning and task initiation

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19
Q

Executive function:

2. Problem solving/reasoning -

A

Abstract thinking, flexibility

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20
Q

Executive function:

3. Insight/awareness -

A

Poor judgment

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21
Q

Executive function:

4. social pragmatics -

A

Inappropriate behavior

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22
Q

Executive function:

5. Self-regulation/purposeful action -

A

initiate, maintain, switch, and stop tasks

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23
Q

What is the difference between sensation and perception?

A

Sensation - raw data

perception - interpretation of data

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24
Q

Spinothalamic sensation:
What type of receptors?
Fiber characteristics? (Conduction velocity/myelination)

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Free nerve endings

- Small, thin, slow conducting, no myelination

25
Dorsal column sensation: What type of receptors? Fiber characteristics? (Conduction velocity/myelination)
- Muscle spindle, GTO, joint receptors | - Large, thick, rapidly conducting, well myelinated
26
Spinocerebellar sensation: What type of receptors? Fiber characteristics? (Conduction velocity/myelination)
- Muscle spindle, GTO, joint receptors | - Fast, direct, heavily myelinated
27
Sensory Exam Components: (9)
1. Light touch 2. Tactile location (discriminatory touch) 3. Pain 4. Bilateral touch (sensory extinction) 5. Proprioception 6. Kinesthesia 7. Stereognosis 8. 2-pt discrimination 9. Vibration
28
Perceptual Exam Components: (4)
1. Body scheme and body image impairments 2. Spatial relationships 3. Agnosias 4. Apraxia
29
Perceptual deficits usually injury to what lobe/side of brain?
Parietal | R>L
30
Body image -
Visual and mental image of one's body (in relation to health/disease)
31
Body scheme -
- Postural model of body - Includes relationship of body parts to each other and their relationships of the body to the environment (body awareness/purposeful movements)
32
T/F: With neglect, a patient will also experience sensory, motor and visual deficits
False: failure to orient toward, respond to, or report stimuli despite normal sensory, motor and visual systems
33
Patients with neglect usually have damage to with side of brain/lobe? Why?
- Mostly R temporoparietal junction, posterior parietal lesions - Why Right? right side does more in regard to vision - Right hemi lesions = entire left side of perception gone - Left hemi lesions = right side does bulk of work and makes up for it
34
Representational neglect - | How test for it?
-Loss of internally generated images (memories) | Test ex: draw clock from memory
35
Visual neglect - | How test for it?
Test ex: cancellation test, have patient draw a house from a copy (will only draw half)
36
Auditory neglect - | How test for it?
Test ex: give a command to patient on right (uninvolved side) and give command again on left (involved side)
37
Motor neglect - | How test for it?
-"Output neglect" -Failure to generate movement response to stimuli even though patient is aware of stimuli Test ex: 1. Patient produce movement (bicep curl) on Right side (uninvolved) 2. While patient visually attends to left side limb (involved side) repeat curl 3. Have perform both at same time (bimanual) - usually only 1 will curl (uninvolved side)
38
Personal neglect - | How test for it?
-Lack of exploration or awareness of contralateral side of body (total loss of perception of one side) Test ex: Pick up affected arm and ask patient to identify ownership of arm -Ask patient how many arms/legs they have (cross arm into other side to eliminate visual neglect)
39
Peripersonal (spatial) neglect -
-failure to acknowledge stimuli of contralateral side within reaching space (one side of desk)
40
Extrapersonal (spatial) neglect -
-failure to acknowledge stimuli of contralateral side in far space
41
How to test for peri vs extra personal vs visual neglect?
1. Place object within arms reach of patient 2. Then further away If visual - Won't see either If peripersonal - Won't see it up close but will see it far away If extrapersonal - Will see it up close but won't see it far away
42
Somatoagnosia - Where is lesion? How to test for it?
-(impairment of body scheme) lack of awareness of relationship of body parts (how each part of body relates to next) -Lesion: dominant parietal lobe Test ex: Ask patient to point out body parts on a picture, then on therapist, then on themselves - if +, will not be unable to do on themselves
43
R/L discrimination - Where is lesion? How to test for it?
-Decreased R/L differentiation with body parts and with following directions -Lesion: Either parietal lobe Test ex: Have patient respond to cues to raise R/L arm/leg or have patient walk and cues to turn head/body R/L (if +, may pause or go other way than cued)
44
Difference between visual neglect and R/L discrimination when told to turn R/L -
Visual - will have difficulties only turning Left | R/L - difficult turning both ways, turn opposite way than told
45
Vertical/midline orientation - | How to test for it?
-Can't identify when body is in midline (standing up straight) Test ex: easily identified via observation - if not sitting/standing midline ask patient if they think they are straight (will answer yes)
46
Pusher syndrome - | Where is lesion?
-Leaning and active pushing toward hemiplegic side w/o compensation for instability and with resistance to passive correction toward midline (high fall risk) Lesion: R posterolateral thalamus
47
Figure Ground - | How to test for it?
-Inability to distinguish a figure from the background in which it is embedded Test ex: Place handful of distinctly different objects on table and ask patient to pick up specific object
48
Spatial relations disorder - Where is lesion? How to test for it?
-Inability to perceive relationship of one object in space to another object or to one's self -Lesion: right inferior parietal lobe Text ex: place 3-4 cones on ground, each varying in distance from patient and instruct patient to walk up to cones until they are about 2 ft away (will end at different distance each time)
49
Position in space disorder - | How to test for it?
-decreased ability to perceive and interpret spatial concepts Test ex: 1. Ask patient to position arm "above" their head 2. Instruct patient to stand behind the table 3. Tell patient to go up stairs
50
Topographical disorientation - | How to test for it?
-Difficulty perceiving relationship from one location to another in environment Test ex: Take patient to familiar place (nursing station) and instruct them to find way back to room
51
Depth and distance perception - Where is lesion? How to test for it?
-Inaccurate judgement of direction, distance and depth (height of object based on our distance to it) Lesion: right or bilateral visual association cortex Test ex: Obstacle course - space out 3 steps of variable heights down the hallway and have patient negotiate them
52
Visual Agnosia - Where is lesion? How to test for it?
-Inability to recognize familiar objects despite normal eye function Lesion: occipital and temporal (L or R) Test ex: Ask patient to name objects, places, and faces (family members) by name
53
Auditory Agnosia - Where is lesion? How to test for it?
-Inability to recognize familiar sounds or to discriminate between them Lesion: Left temporal lobe Test ex: Play familiar sounds and have patient identify them
54
Tactile Agnosia - Where is lesion? How to test for it?
-Inability to recognize objects when handling them Lesion: parietal/temporal/occipital association area (L or R) Test ex: reach into bag and grab certain object (3 distinct objects inside)
55
Anosognosia -
Denial or lack of awareness of presence or severity of one's deficits -May deny ownership of limbs
56
Apraxia - | Lesion:
-Impairment of voluntary, skilled, well-learned movement | Lesion: left frontal or parietal lobes
57
Ideomotor apraxia - | Test for it:
-breakdown between concept (idea) and performance (motor) -Lose ability to carry out task on command but can do it on their own Test ex: they can tell you what a comb is used for but will try and brush teeth
58
Ideational apraxia - | Test for it:
-Failure to conceptualize task -Can't do it on own or on command Test ex: give patient a brush, they can't describe what to do with it or do it

Neuro anatomy Exam 1 (13 decks)

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