Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Exam 2 > Phys Motor System Components > Flashcards

Phys Motor System Components Flashcards

1
Q

Musculoskeletal contributions to strength reflect what?

A 
o	Length of movement arm of the muscle
o	Length/tension relationship of the muscle
o	Type of muscle fiber 
o	Cross-sectional area of muscle
o	Fiber arrangement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Neural contributions to strength reflect what?

A

o # of motor units recruited
o Discharge frequency
o Type of motor units recruited

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is weakness in the context of neuropathology?

A

o Inability to generate force

o Inability to recruit or modulate motor neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

neuropathology can lead to what?

A

Loss of movement, loss of power, lack of muscle activity, immobility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Neurologically-induced weakness may result from:

A

o Cortical lesion
o Lesion in descending pathways
o Disruption of impulses from alpha motor neurons
o Peripheral nerve injury
o Synaptic dysfunction at neuromuscular junction
o Damage to muscle tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

T/F the extent and distribution of weakness depends on extent and location of the lesion

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Paralysis or plegia -

A

total or profound loss of muscle activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Paresis -

A

mild or partial loss of muscle activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q 
How do you name neuromuscular impairments (muscle weakness)?
Mono - 
hemi - 
para - 
tetra -
A 
Named by distribution
mono - One single limb
hemiplegia - one entire side of body
paraplegia/diplegia - both legs
tetraplegia - entire body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Common observations due to underlying weakness in neurologic pathology

A

o Postural abnormalities
o Asymmetrical weight bearing
o Abnormal Synergies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Flexor synergy -

A
  • UE

- scapula retraction and elevation, shoulder abduction and ER, elbow flexion, supination, wrist and finger flexion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Extensor synergy -

A

LE

hip extension, adduction, and IR, knee extension, ankle PF and inversion, toe PF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is tone?

A

Muscle’s resistance to passive stretch (certain amount of tone is normal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Hypotonicity vs hypertonicity/spasticity

A

Hypo - flaccid

Hyper - rigid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Neural contributions to normal muscle tone

A
  • Net balance of descending input on motor neurons from corticospinal, rubrospinal, reticulospinal, vestibulospinal tracts
  • Sensitivity of synaptic connections
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Non-neural contributions to normal muscle tone

A

 Connective tissue plasticity and viscoelastic properties of the muscles, tendons and joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is spasticity/hypertonia?

A

Resistance to movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Is spasticity dependent/independent of velocity?

A

Dependent - the faster you move muscle, the more tone you will see
-Described as clasp-knife phenomenon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Is hypertonia dependent/independent of velocity?

A

Independent - no matter how fast you move, it will be same tone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Spasticity occurs as result of damage to what part of spinal cord?

A

Pyramidal tract or other nearby descending paths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

T/F Spasticity is not associated with clonus

A

False, can be associated with clonus (commonly in distal extremities > proximal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How do changes in neural contributions lead to spasticity?

A

↓ descending activity -> reduction of inhibitory synaptic input -> increase in tonic excitatory input

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

T/F Spasticity results in alterations to threshold of golgi tendon reflex

A

False, alterations to stretch reflex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What scale used to measure spasticity?

A

Modified Ashworth Scale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Modified Ashworth Scale: | 0 -
No increase in muscle tone
26
Modified Ashworth Scale: | 1 -
1. Slight increase muscle tone | 2. Catch/release or minimal resistance at end range when moved into flex/ext
27
Modified Ashworth Scale: | 1+ -
1. Slight increase muscle tone | 2. Catch followed by minimal resistance throughout remainder (less than half) of ROM
28
Modified Ashworth Scale: | 2 -
1. More increase in muscle tone through most ROM | 2. BUT affected part(s) easily moved
29
Modified Ashworth Scale: | 3 -
1. Considerable increase in muscle tone | 2. Passive movement difficult
30
Modified Ashworth Scale: | 4 -
1. Affected part rigid in flexion or extension
31
What is tardieau scale?
Measuring spasticity that takes into account resistance to passive movement at both slow and fast speeds
32
Tardieau scale: V1 - V2 - V3 -
V1 - Slow as possible V2 - Speed of limb falling under gravity V3 - Fast as possible
33
Tardieau scale: | 0 -
No resistance in passive movement
34
Tardieau scale: | 1 -
slight resistance with passive movement | No clear catch at precise angle
35
Tardieau scale: | 2 -
Clear catch at precise angle interrupting passive movement followed by release
36
Tardieau scale: | 3 -
Fatigable clonus (<10 seconds when maintaining pressure) occurring at precise angle
37
Tardieau scale: | 4 -
Infatigable clonus (> 10 sec when maintaining pressure) occurring at precise angle
38
What is rigidity?
heightened resistance to passive movement of the limb, independent of velocity of the stretch
39
Where is rigidity predominantly seen?
Flexors
40
What is leadpipe rigidity?
constant resistance to movement throughout entire ROM
41
What is cogwheel rigidity?
Alternating episodes of resistance and relaxation
42
Do you see posturing during movement or at rest?
At rest
43
What is decorticate posturing? Where would you expect a lesion to be?
-UE flexion -LE ext/IR/PF Lesion = brainstem above red nucleus
44
What is decerebrate posturing?
UE and LE extension | Lesion = below the red nucleus
45
T/F Tone characteristics depend on type and location of pathology
True
46
If you have a cortical lesion where would you expect the lesion and what type of tone would it cause?
Pyramidal (change in descending inputs of alpha motor neurons) Spasticity (dep of velocity)
47
If you have a basal ganglia lesion where would you expect the lesion and what type of tone would it cause?
``` Extrapyramidal Rigidity (type of hypertonia - ind of velocity) ```
48
If you have a Brainstem lesion where would you expect the lesion and what type of tone would it cause?
Above/below red nucleus | Decorticate/decerebrate posturing (type of hypertonia - ind of velocity)
49
What is chronicity in regard to tone characteristics?
Increase nonneural changes -> increased stiffness
50
What are some common pathologies with hypertonicity?
CVA, TBI, MS, PD (rigidity)
51
What is hypotonicity?
o Reduction in resistance to lengthening; reduction in “stiffness”
52
Floppy hypotonicity -
collapse into gravity, harder to excite
53
Flaccidity -
complete loss of muscle tone
54
Hypotonicity is cause by:
Disruption of afferent input from stretch reflex -> lack of cerebellar efferent influence -> decreased input to gamma motor neurons
55
Common pathologies of hypotonicity
 Cerebellar lesions, down syndrome, muscular dystrophies, late stage ALS, post-polio  ACUTE CNS injuries -> hypertonicity/spasticity once subacute/chronic
56
What are functional implications of increased tone?
 Abnormal posturing  Misalignment  High risk for injury during prolonged rest (skin breakdown)  Bias with recruitment - Increased likelihood of synergistic movement  Destabilization with changes in position (clonus, ↑ risk for contractures)
57
What are functional implications of decreased tone?
 Fall into gravity |  High risk for injury during dynamic tasks
58
What is coordination?
the ability to use different parts of the body together smoothly and efficiently
59
What are 3 critical components of coordination?
1. Sequencing 2. Timing 3. Grading
60
What is incoordination?
o Movements that are awkward, uneven, inaccurate | o Disruption of sequencing, timing, grading
61
Find incoordination with what type of lesions?
o Found with motor cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellar lesions (Also tied to proprioceptive lesions)
62
What is dysmetria?
general term for problems judging path to get to ultimate location (get to path ultimately)
63
Hypermetria -
overestimate/shoot the target
64
Hypometria -
undershoot the target
65
What are the functional timing difficulties with incoordination?
 Increased reaction times  Slowed movement times  Difficulties terminating movement
66
What is the rebound phenomenon?
- Incoordination - cerebellum lesions - difficulty halting movement when resistance is removed
67
Dysdiadochokinesia
inability to perform rapid alternating movement
68
What is coactivation?
- Firing of both extensors and flexes at same time | - Decrease degrees of freedoms patient can move through
69
What is impaired inter-joint coordination?
- Cerebellum lesions | - Move one joint at a time sequentially
70
How do you examine incoordination?
``` - Multi joint movements  Finger to nose  Alternating pronation/supination (Dysdiadochokinesi)  Hand or foot tapping  Heel to shin ```
71
What are 4 involuntary movements?
1. Dystonia (twisting/repetitive movements) 2. Tremors 3. Choreiform (jerky/rapid movements) 4. Athetosis (slow twisting movements)
72
What is dystonia? Lesion to what area of brain? Affects what part of body?
o Basal ganglia o Syndrome dominated by sustained muscle contractions o Causes twisting, repetitive movements, abnormal postures o Coactivation agonist/antagonist o Focal, segmental, hemibody, or generalized/whole
73
What are tremors?
o Rhythmic, involuntary oscillatory movement of a body part | o Can be intermittent or constant, sporadic or as a sequelae to disease or injury
74
What is a resting tremor?
 Occurs in body part that is not voluntary activated, relaxed
75
What is an action tremor? Postural - Intention -
 Any tremor that is produced by voluntary contraction of a muscle • Postural Tremor: person maintains a part of body against gravity (hold a lifted arm) • Intention Tremor: produced with purposeful movement (sliding or lifting arm)
76
What is choreiform? | Seen in what syndromes?
o Involuntary, rapid, irregular and jerky movements | o Seen with Huntington’s Disease; side effect of PD medications
77
What is athetosis? Is UE or LE move affected? Common in what syndrome?
o Slow, writing and twisting movements o UE>LE o Common in Cerebral Palsy
78
Neuromuscular impairments can secondarily cause what issues?
1. ROM and alignment issues 2. Endurance issues 3. Pain
79
Spasticity and hypertonia can lead to (decrease/increase) ROM?
Decrease (contractures)
80
Immobilization of joint can lead to (decrease/increase) stiffness?
Increased stiffness  ↑ resistance to stretch, ↓ in sarcomeres -> ↑ in connective tissues  ↓ rate of protein synthesis -> atrophy
81
Changes in length/tension relationship can do what 2 things?
 Contributes to further weakness |  Alters mechanical advantage
82
Endurance issues with neuromuscular impairments -
o Decrease in central drive to spinal cord motor neurons o Decrease in activity level/immobility o Presence of comorbidities - Afib, CAD, COPD, DM, etc…
83
Musculoskeletal pain due to:
 Synergistic movements resulting in overworking of certain muscles  Muscle asymmetries causing abnormal loading through joints  ROM and alignment issues  Decreased efficiency of movements leading to increased workload required to complete tasks

Neuroanatomy Exam 2 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions