phys- ovulation and menopause

Question 1

second half of the ovarian cycle is called

Answer 1

luteal phase

Question 2

how is estrogen circulation moderated

Answer 2

by altering it’s binding protein (SHBG)

increase SHBG- estrogen and thyroxine (produced mainly in the follicular phase)

decrease SHBG- progesterone and androgens (produced in the luteal phase)

Question 3

If the oocyte is not fertilized and implanted, what happens to the corpus luteum?

Answer 3

it degenerates (w/in 14 days) to become the corpus albicans

Question 4

When does the menstrual phase (menses) of the uterine cycle occur in relation to the ovarian cycle?

Answer 4

14 days after ovulation

(end of luteal phase, beginning of folllicular phase)

Question 5

which hormone causes the epithelial layer of the vagina to proliferate and also increased vaginal secretions

Answer 5

estrogen

Question 6

which hormone decreases the proliferation of the epithelial layer of the vagina

Answer 6

progesterone

Question 7

which hormone increases oxytocin receptors and contractions in the uterus

Answer 7

estrogen

Question 8

menopause flowchart

Answer 8

super super low follicle pool ⇒ super low estrogen ⇒ increased LH and FSH ⇒ cycle arrest ie MENOPAUSE

Question 9

ovulation phase feedback is controlled by

Answer 9

estrogen

positive feedback

Question 10

which hormone is cardioprotective: good for cholesterol, decreases atherosclerosis, and is an arterial vasodilator

Answer 10

estrogen

Question 11

luteal phase feedback is controlled by

Answer 11

progesterone

negative feedback

Question 12

what are the effects of LH surge

(5)

Answer 12

1. antral follicle becomes graafian follicle
2. meisosis is resumed
3. enzymes digest follicle so that oocyte can rupture out
4. folliclular theca cells become corpus luteum
5. increased prostaglandins

Question 13

proliferative phase days

does it vary?

Answer 13

days 5-14

yes, it varies

Question 14

what FSH level is indicative of menopause

Answer 14

over 30

Question 15

which hormone causes the cervical mucous to become thinner, more watery, and more alkaline, while also causing the cervix to become stretchier

Answer 15

estrogen

Question 16

What has feedback control over FSH and LH gonadotrophs during the follicular phase?

Answer 16

estrogen

Question 17

during the follicular phase, granulosa and thecal cells secrete increased amounts of ____

which will be stored where

Answer 17

estrogen

stored in the antrum

Question 18

which hormones causes the epiphysis to close

Answer 18

estrogen

Question 19

perimenopause flowchart

Answer 19

decreased folliular pool ⇒ decreased inhibin ⇒ increased FSH ⇒ faster follicular maturation ⇒ shorter cycle

then

vastly decreased follicular pool ⇒ decreased estrogen ⇒ delayed positive feedback ⇒ longer cycle

then

insufficient estrogen ⇒ no positive feedback ⇒ anovulation

Question 20

after estrogen is created, where does it go

Answer 20

part is bound to SHBG (sex hormone binding globulin) and secreted into the blood to exert systemic effects

part stays in the folliclue to help form the antrum

Question 21

which hormone decreases Na reabosorption

(less bloating)

Answer 21

progesterone

Question 22

which hormone inhibits body and facial hair growth

while stimulating pubic and axillary growth

Answer 22

estrogen

Question 23

When does the progestational phase of the uterine cycle occur in relation to the ovarian cycle?

Answer 23

after ovulation (when the corpus luteum is formed) until the corpus luteum degenerates

Question 24

which hormone is protective from osteoporosis due to:

1. increased Ca uptake into bone
2. PTH antagonization and decreased resportion
3. osteoclast inhibition

Answer 24

estrogen

Question 25

menstrual phase days does it vary?

Answer 25

days 0-4 yes, it varies

Question 26

If the oocyte IS fertilized and implanted, what happens to the corpus luteum? Who signals this?

Answer 26

continues to grow and produce estrogen and progesterone, becoming **the** **corpus luteum of pregnancy** signaled by the **release of HCG by the placenta**

Question 27

follicular phase feedback is controlled by

Answer 27

estrogen negative feedback

Question 28

what happens during the progestational phase

Answer 28

**progesterone** (secreted by the corpus luteum) **changes the endometrium into a highly vascularized, glycogen filled tissue**

Question 29

which hormone causes the endometrial glands to develop and differentiate into an actively secreting tissue, forms the placenta, and decreases uterine contractility

Answer 29

progesterone

Question 30

Which hormones control the follicular phase?

Answer 30

**FSH and LH** which are stimulated by Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone FSH- low pulse frequency LH- high pulse frequency

Question 31

what stimulates the ovarian follicles

Answer 31

**FSH and LH** FSH is the most important in the follicular phase though because it stimulates the follicle to mature

Question 32

What is the follicle that grows more rapidly during the follicular phase to then rupture and release it's egg? What is this called? On what day does this occur?

Answer 32

graafian follicle ovulation day 14

Question 33

which hormone causes the cervix to be less stretchy and makes cervical mucus more acidic and thick

Answer 33

progesterone

Question 34

Which hormone causes bloating during the menstrual cycle? and how?

Answer 34

estrogen by increasing the absorption of salt and water

Question 35

which hormones increase the permeability, thickness, and vascularity of the endometrium

Answer 35

estrogen

Question 36

During the follicular phase, what hormonal change causes the ovarian follicle to secrete more estrogen?

Answer 36

the rise in FSH

Question 37

HOW is estrogen secreted

Answer 37

theca cells convert **cholesterol** **to androgens** with the enzyme **cholesterol desmolase** when stimulated by luteinizing hormone during the follicular phase androgens move into the nearby granulosa cells granulosa cells convert **androgens to estradiol** with the enzyme **aromatase** when stimulated by FSH

Question 38

which hormone causes the oocyte to move into the fallopian tube

Answer 38

estrogen (increases the number of cilia and their rate of beating)

Question 39

what synthesizes receptors for progesterone on uterine cells

Answer 39

estrogen

Question 40

which hormone increases the branching of the breast ductal system, and also stimulates the development of lobules and alveoli

Answer 40

progesterone

Question 41

There are high levels of estrogen in the luteal phase... how is a second LH surge suppressed?

Answer 41

**progesterone** via negative feedback

Question 42

the menstrual cycle is also known as what

Answer 42

endometrial/ uterine cycle

Question 43

menopause = no menses for ____ (time)

Answer 43

12 months

Question 44

what happens during the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle?

Answer 44

**endometrium repairs itself and proliferates** **due to estrogen** from newly growing follicles

Question 45

What cells produce steroids during the luteal phase? Where do they come from? When do they become fully functional?

Answer 45

**Luteal cells** of the corpus luteum **They're old follicular cells that have transformed** to become enlarged, cholesterol filled, highly vascularized hormone producers (luteinization) **become fully functional 4 days after ovulation**

Question 46

what causes menstrual cramps

Answer 46

increased prostaglandins which cause increased uterine contractions

Question 47

cycles longer than 28 days have a longer ____ phase

Answer 47

proliferative

Question 48

which hormone causes increased deposition of SQ fat in the hips and breasts

Answer 48

estrogen

Question 49

WHEN and HOW is progesterone secreted

Answer 49

when- **Luteal phase** how- **luteal cells** (transformed theca and granulosa cells) **secrete it** theca cells convert **cholesterol to pregnenolone** with the enzyme **cholesterol desmolase** when stimulated by luteinizing hormone **pregnenolone becomes progesterone** (by 3 beta hydroxysteroid)

Question 50

which hormone increases body temp and appetite

Answer 50

progesterone

Question 51

Which hormones control the luteal phase?

Answer 51

progesterone and estrogen | (secreted from the corpus luteum)

Question 52

**GnRH can be inhibited by what things?** (causing decreased release of LH and FSH)

Answer 52

stress exercise illness endorphins prolactin

Question 53

What inhibits the release of FSH and LH in the luteal phase?

Answer 53

**progesterone** with an unfertilized egg, as the levels drop (due to the degenerating corpus luteum) the levels declining, causing the levels to begin to rise again at the end, initiating a new cycle

Question 54

secretory/ progestational phase days does it vary?

Answer 54

days 15-28 no, it is **constant**

Question 55

What triggers ovulation?

Answer 55

rise in LH

Question 56

first half of the ovarian cycle is called

Answer 56

follicular phase

Question 57

Increased prostaglandins due to the LH surge causes?

Answer 57

PMS!!! increased follicular blood flow, wall distensibility, and proteolytic enzymes

Question 58

What inhibits the release of FSH (specifically)?

Answer 58

**Inhibin** which is released from granulosa cells when induced by FSH itself

Question 59

When does the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle occur in relation to the ovarian cycle?

Answer 59

**from the last portion of the follicular phase** (end of menstruation) **to ovulation**

Question 60

after progesterone is created, how does it travel in the blood

Answer 60

bound to CBG (corticosteroid binding globulin)

Question 61

which hormone increases breast ductal growth, nipple size, pigmentation, and general breath growth

Answer 61

estrogen ## Footnote **required for growth**

Question 62

Which hormones control the ovulation phase?

Answer 62

**estrogen and LH** high level of estrogen causes positive feedback and even more estrogen via increased GnRH pulses and increased GnRH receptors high levels of estrogen cause LH surge at midcycle (FSH does not rise due to inhibin)