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A2 Geography > Physical - Biodiversity > Flashcards

Physical - Biodiversity Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

Non-living factors in an environment

A

Abiotic

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2
Q

A foreign invasive species

A

Alien species

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3
Q

A global factor that affects biodiversity, creating a cross-section of different climates eg.Mount Kilimanjaro

A

Altitudinal range

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4
Q

Rearing of aquatic animals or the cultivation of aquatic plants for food eg converting mangroves for shrimp farming, Thailand

A

Aquaculture

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5
Q

The variety and variability of animals, plants and microorganisms. 3 types: species, ecosystems + genetics

A

Biodiversity

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6
Q

Areas with high concentrations of biodiversity eg. Amazon

A

Biodiversity hotspots

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7
Q

Organic matter of organisms used for measuring/ type of fuel

A

Biomass

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8
Q

Living factors in an environment

A

Biotic

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9
Q

Daintree funding is being used to buy back the land that was sold to reduce land available for development

A

Buy-back

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10
Q

Study of the loss of Earth’s biological diversity and prevention methods

A

Conservation

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11
Q

Coral reefs losing their algae and dying due to global warming

A

Coral bleaching

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12
Q

Ecosystem services that mainly benefits indigenous people: aesthetic, spiritual, tourism, educational, recreational

A

Cultural services

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13
Q

The loss of biodiversity over time

A

Degradation

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14
Q

Organisation that identifies endangered species

A

IUCN red list

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15
Q

A large area of land/water with geographically distant natural communities, where species interact in ways for essential survival eg. Mangroves

A

Eco-region

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16
Q
A

Ecosystem diversity

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17
Q

Species native and restricted to a certain place

A

Endemic

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18
Q

Process where fertiliser causes rapid algal blooms, depleting oxygen in water needed for aquatic species

A

Eutrophication

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19
Q

Range of genes found in a particular species determines degree of resistance to disease

A

Genetic diversity

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20
Q

One of Millennium Ecosystem Assessment services. Improves the well-being of poorer countries by removal of trade barriers+ and subsidies. Environmental problems dealt in ad hoc way + ecosystems deteriorate

A

Global orchestration

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21
Q

Regional factor for biodiversity where high primary productivity encouraging development of a complex trophic pyramid with many ecological niches. This system can support high levels of biodiversity

A

Habitat architecture

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22
Q

A varied physical environment leading to lots of different habitats

A

Habitat heterogeneity

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23
Q

Area in between high and low tide

A

Intertidal area

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24
Q

Downward movement of dissolved nutrients in the soil profile with percolating water

A

Nutrient leaching

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25
Pores of pneumatophores roots that enable mangroves to breathe in anaerobic conditions
Lenticles
26
An organism that grows in tidal swamp
Mangrove
27
Energy from photosynthesis - energy lost via respiration. Measured in kg km2/yr
Net primary productivity (NPP)
28
A thick subsurface layer of soil that remains frozen throughout the year, occurring chiefly in polar regions.
Permafrost
29
Process of converting carbon dioxide to oxygen
Photosynthesis
30
Areas with a concentration of hotspots eg. SE Asia
Pivotal areas
31
Effective roots that rise up from the soil. These breathe in both water and air
Pnuematophores
32
Mangrove roots that support the plant in waterlogged ground
Prop roots
33
Good/ products derived from nature: food, water, wood, fuel
Provisioning services
34
Protection of wetlands through local, regional, national actions and international co-operation
Ramsar sites
35
Benefits obtained from the regulation of ecosystem processes: climate regulation, water regulation, pest and disease regulation
Regulating services
36
Amount of morphological differences between 2 or more species
Species disparity
37
Variety of plant + animal species present in an ecosystem
Species diversity
38
Species unique to a defined geographical area eg. Marine Iguana in Galapagos islands
Species endemism
39
No. species in a given area
Species richness
40
indirect services to ecosystem: nutrient cycling, soil formation, primary production
Supporting services
41
Position on foodchain
Trophic level
42
Local factor for biodiversity on species establishing themselves, interacting and subtly altering the environment
Succession
43
Local factor of biodiversity, major environmental disasters eg. Fires, floods storms which destroy biodiversity
Disturbance
44
Local factor of biodiversity, migration of species where high rates of efficiency enhanced biodiversity
Colonisation
45
Global factor for biodiversity determining least disturbed ecosystems
History and age
46
Global factor for biodiversity for remote areas encouraging endemism
Geographic isolation
47
Environmental factors and interspecies relationships that influence the species.
Ecological niche
48
Global factor for biodiversity creating biomes by: precipitation, light intensity, winds, temperature
Climate limiting factors
49
Movement of individual organisms from their birthplace to other locations for breeding
Dispersal
50
Large global ecosystems containing communities of plants and animals, linked to soil types eg tropical rainforest
Biomes
50
The main cause of extinction for many species
Over-exploitation
51
Remote mountainous regions with lots of undiscovered plants + animals in dense jungle, isolated areas with high endemism
The lost world
52
Finbos
Continental hotspot
53
Madagascar, New zealand
Large island hotspot
54
Galapagos
Small island hotspot
55
Great barrier reef
Marine hotspot
56
Greatly value the rainforest, provides everything eg. fertile floodplain, transport, fishing
Indigenous people
57
Value the rainforest for economic value, goods and short term benefits, exploiting the rainforest and only preserve to reexploit
TNCs
58
Value rainforest for its fertile soils, space + conditions for growth but destroy it to make room for cattle ranging etc.
Farmers
59
Energy transferred from the food chain. As energy is lost via respiration, biomass decreases higher up the trophic level
Energy flows
60
Circulation of chemicals from the environment to organisms and back to the environment
Nutrient cycling
61
Pathway in the nutrient cycle, as plants and animals die,their tissues fall into the litter store
Fallout pathway
62
Pathway in the nutrient cycle, decomposition of litter turns to humus via microorganisms
Decay pathway
63
Pathway in the nutrient cycle, compounds of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are taken up by plants
Growth/ uptake pathway
64
Model that shows the amount of nutrients that are flowing around an ecosystem as well as the sizes of different stores
Gersmehl's model
65
The point where climate and biomes can’t rejuvenate (irreversible change is made)
Ecological tipping point
66
Pores on pneumatophore roots that enable mangroves to breathe in anaerobic conditions
Lenticles
67
Amount of morphological difference between 2 or more species
Species disparities
68
To use natural resources at a rate that the Earth can renew them
Sustainable use
69
the extraction level of the resource which does not exceed the growth
Sustainable yield
70
Species that occupy a particular area
Zonation
71
measure of the complexity of interactions in a given habitat or ecosystem.
Productivity
72
order of colonization of species in an ecosystem from a barren or destroyed area of land eg. sand dunes
Succession
73
The choice to buy environmentally-friendly products
Ethical Consumerism
74
A government incentive to regain land from previously private owners
Buy-back
75
Lower level of yield used as a compromise that won’t destroy aesthetic or recreational value of an ecosystem but will allow multi-use for the maximum benefit of the whole community
Optimal Sustainable Yield
76
Maximum human population that can live in equilibrium with resources/ species ect.
Carrying capacity
77
Greatest harvest that can taken indefinitely and leave systems intact, usually only exceed by commercial activities
Maximum sustainable yield
78
The ‘safe’ level of harvest that can be hunted/caught/utilised without detriment to the sustainable management of an ecosystem
Sustainable yield
79
A method of conservation that sets limits for harvesting individual species that are indefinitely sustainable
Single species approach
80
A method of conservation that involves considering harvesting species both on their own and in relation to dependant species and the whole environment
Ecosystem approach
81
A method of conservation that aims to predict the consequences of any planned expansion of catches before its permitted (best way)
Precautionary principle
82
Completely protecting an area at the expense of locals (fenced off completely)
Total protection
83
Strategy with links to economic development + biodiversity. Creation of buffer zones to aid development (doesn’t always target hotspots)
Sustainable reserve
84
Areas of countryside or water, protected by the state for public’s enjoyment or wildlife preservation
National Parks

A2 Geography (5 decks)

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