Research - Plate Tectonic

Question 1

A model that shows that a natural disaster only occurs if a vulnerable population is exposed to a hazard

Answer 1

Degg’s Model

Question 2

A natural event that has the potential to harm eg. Typhoon or volcano

Answer 2

Hazard

Question 3

A natural hazard that affects human life or the economy eg. Typhoon Haiyan

Answer 3

Disaster

Question 4

A theory proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1912, stating that the continents drifted apart over 250 million years from Pangea

Answer 4

Continental Drift Theory

Question 5

Branch of geophysics concerned with the magnetism in rocks. As magma solidifies, the iron minerals align themselves with the magnetic North pole (magnetism flips every 200,000yrs)

Answer 5

Paleomagnetism

Question 6

The process where the Earths Core is slowly broken down, driving convection currents causing tectonic plate movement

Answer 6

Decaying core

Question 7

The solid, outer layer of the Earth. Consists of the crust and brittle upper solid portion of the mantle

Answer 7

Lithosphere

Question 8

The zone of the Earth’s mantle much hotter and more liquid than the lithosphere

Answer 8

Asthenosphere

Question 9

Rock that’s formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. At constructive, basalt and at destructive, andesitic/rhyolitic

Answer 9

Igneous rock

Question 10

Lower layer of Earth’s crust, namely rocks rich in silica and magnesium as basalt

Answer 10

SIMA

Question 11

Upper layer of Earth’s crust, namely rocks rich in aluminium silicate minerals as granite

Answer 11

SIAL

Question 12

fragmental material produced by a volcanic eruption

Answer 12

Tephra

Question 13

An underwater deep-ocean rift valley at 3,000-6,000m. Found at oceanic constructive plate boundaries

Answer 13

Abyssal plain

Question 14

A type of plate bouder where plates slide past one another without production or destruction of crust

Answer 14

Transform fault

Question 15

Subsistence sections of crust between fault lines formed at a continental constructive plate boundary

Answer 15

Rift valley

Question 16

As a tectonic plate moves further from an oceanic ridge, it cools and becomes denser causing it to sink beneath a continental crust

Answer 16

Slab pull

Question 17

Boundary between subduction plate and overlying crystal rocks ….

Answer 17

Wadati Benioff Zones

Question 18

Occurs at collision plate boundaries where magma plumes are trapped beneath the surface

Answer 18

Relic subduction

Question 19

The convergence of two plates of continental crust

Answer 19

Collision Margin

Question 20

A system of parallel mountain ranges eg. Andes

Answer 20

Cordillera

Question 21

A curved chain of volcanic islands (due to Earth’s curvature) located at a tectonic plate margin usually with a deep ocean trench

Answer 21

Island Arc

Question 22

An stationary plume where molten magma breaks through the Earth’s crust and as the plate moves, the basic shield volcano becomes inactive eg.Hawaii

Answer 22

Hotspot

Question 23

An underwater mountain which was previously a hotspot volcano and due to erosion and plate movement has a flat top underwater.

Answer 23

Guyots

Question 24

A line of islands formed by tectonic plate movement over a hotspot, forming volcanoes and then inactive mountains eg. Hawaiian islands

Answer 24

Linear island chain

Question 25

AKA an archipelago

Answer 25

Clustered island chain

Question 26

The immediate hazards of an eruption coming directly from it eg. Pyroclastic flows

Answer 26

Primary hazard

Question 27

Indirect hazards caused by primary volcanic hazards which occur on a longer timescale eg. Lahars

Answer 27

Secondary hazards

Question 28

Volcanic hazards that result from secondary hazards and have a very long term human impact after the eruption

Answer 28

Tertiary hazards

Question 29

A mixture of water, rock, ash and sand from a volcano due to heavy rainfall or heat from a volcanic vent melting ice

Answer 29

Lahar

Question 30

High speed avalanches of hot ash, rock fragments and gas, 800°c

Answer 30

Pyroclastic flows

Question 31

Volcanic Explosivitiy Index. Measures a out of tephra created on a log scale

Answer 31

VEI

Question 32

Highly viscous lava (high in silica ~70%) forms granite, at destructive plate boundaries, forms composite cone volcanos and cooler than basic (~800°c)causing violent eruptions due to trapped air

Answer 32

Acidic lava

Question 33

Less viscous lava due to lower silica content (~50%) forms basalt found at constructive plate boundaries and hotspots, higher temps (~1200°c), forms shield volcanos with smaller more frequent eruptions

Answer 33

Basic lava

Question 34

Heat from cooling magma can cause hydrothermal change of the rocks, turning into clay, weakening it and increase risk of slope failure

Answer 34

Landslides

Question 35

When masses of water/ ice are suddenly released from a glacier

Answer 35

Jökuhlaup

Question 36

Point inside crust to where the pressure is released, causing an earthquake

Answer 36

Focus

Question 37

Point at the surface of the crust directly above the focus

Answer 37

Epicentre

Question 38

Known as moment magnitude scale, measures seismic movement + strength (seismograph) and rigidity of rock + amount of slip

Answer 38

Richter scale

Question 39

Measure of earthquake scale from 1-12 based upon total destruction of all buildings (subjective)

Answer 39

Mercalli scale

Question 40

Earthquakes caused by tectonic plate movement plate boundaries eg. Ridge, transform, rift, Wadatti Benioff zones

Answer 40

Tectonic earthquakes

Question 41

Earthquakes that occur at interplate hotspots, usually with a shallower focus and less scale

Answer 41

Magmatic earthquake

Question 42

A zone of seismic activity on the two slabs just above the subduction zone

Answer 42

Wadatti Benioff zones

Question 43

Earthquakes on one side of a volcano. Due to a bulge in the magma chamber

Answer 43

Earthquake swarm

Question 44

Push waves that travel through the Earth, primary waves recorded

Answer 44

P waves

Question 45

Shake waves, travels through Earth and are secondary waves recorded

Answer 45

S waves

Question 46

Long waves that travel along the Earths surface, producing large movement and most destructive, last waves recorded

Answer 46

L waves

Question 47

Theory that earthquake hazards increase with time due to increased pressure between plates

Answer 47

Seismic Gap theory

Question 48

First phase of a tsunami where it’s created either by: earthquake-causing displacement, earthquake-caused landslide or volano

Answer 48

Génération phase

Question 49

Second phase of tsunami where it’s travelling in the deep sea with a long wavelength and low crest

Answer 49

Propagation phase

Question 50

Third phase of tsunamis where it hits the sea beds and slows due to friction

Answer 50

Shoaling phase

Question 51

Final have of a tsunamis where it hits land and then the wave moves back into the sea

Answer 51

Inundation + Drawback phase

Question 52

A scale for tsunamis (similar to mercalli scale)

Answer 52

Tsunami intensity scale

Question 53

Where a tsunami curves around a coastline

Answer 53

Wave refraction

Question 54

The sudden movement of plates due to built-up pressure creating large earthquakes (seismic gap theory)

Answer 54

Megathrust

Question 55

A technological disaster caused by natural disaster eg. Fukushima

Answer 55

Natec

Question 56

how quickly the peak of the hazard event occurs, how long it takes to travel from focus to disaster zone eg. Earthquakes

Answer 56

Speed of onset

Question 57

The ability of people, organizations and systems, using available skills and resources, to manage, money, aid + protection

Answer 57

Capacity to cope

Question 58

Measures the risk of a hazard (both physical and social): hazard (mag+frequency) x vulnerability/ capacity to cope

Answer 58

Risk equation

Question 59

A factor of the risk equation that measures land degradation and land use as well as the population vulnerability

Answer 59

Vulnerability

Question 60

Sensationlisation of a disaster by journalists