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A2 Geography > Research - Plate Tectonic > Flashcards

Research - Plate Tectonic Flashcards

1
Q

A model that shows that a natural disaster only occurs if a vulnerable population is exposed to a hazard

A

Degg’s Model

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2
Q

A natural event that has the potential to harm eg. Typhoon or volcano

A

Hazard

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3
Q

A natural hazard that affects human life or the economy eg. Typhoon Haiyan

A

Disaster

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4
Q

A theory proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1912, stating that the continents drifted apart over 250 million years from Pangea

A

Continental Drift Theory

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5
Q

Branch of geophysics concerned with the magnetism in rocks. As magma solidifies, the iron minerals align themselves with the magnetic North pole (magnetism flips every 200,000yrs)

A

Paleomagnetism

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6
Q

The process where the Earths Core is slowly broken down, driving convection currents causing tectonic plate movement

A

Decaying core

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7
Q

The solid, outer layer of the Earth. Consists of the crust and brittle upper solid portion of the mantle

A

Lithosphere

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8
Q

The zone of the Earth’s mantle much hotter and more liquid than the lithosphere

A

Asthenosphere

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9
Q

Rock that’s formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. At constructive, basalt and at destructive, andesitic/rhyolitic

A

Igneous rock

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10
Q

Lower layer of Earth’s crust, namely rocks rich in silica and magnesium as basalt

A

SIMA

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11
Q

Upper layer of Earth’s crust, namely rocks rich in aluminium silicate minerals as granite

A

SIAL

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12
Q

fragmental material produced by a volcanic eruption

A

Tephra

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13
Q

An underwater deep-ocean rift valley at 3,000-6,000m. Found at oceanic constructive plate boundaries

A

Abyssal plain

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14
Q

A type of plate bouder where plates slide past one another without production or destruction of crust

A

Transform fault

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15
Q

Subsistence sections of crust between fault lines formed at a continental constructive plate boundary

A

Rift valley

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16
Q

As a tectonic plate moves further from an oceanic ridge, it cools and becomes denser causing it to sink beneath a continental crust

A

Slab pull

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17
Q

Boundary between subduction plate and overlying crystal rocks ….

A

Wadati Benioff Zones

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18
Q

Occurs at collision plate boundaries where magma plumes are trapped beneath the surface

A

Relic subduction

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19
Q

The convergence of two plates of continental crust

A

Collision Margin

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20
Q

A system of parallel mountain ranges eg. Andes

A

Cordillera

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21
Q

A curved chain of volcanic islands (due to Earth’s curvature) located at a tectonic plate margin usually with a deep ocean trench

A

Island Arc

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22
Q

An stationary plume where molten magma breaks through the Earth’s crust and as the plate moves, the basic shield volcano becomes inactive eg.Hawaii

A

Hotspot

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23
Q

An underwater mountain which was previously a hotspot volcano and due to erosion and plate movement has a flat top underwater.

A

Guyots

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24
Q

A line of islands formed by tectonic plate movement over a hotspot, forming volcanoes and then inactive mountains eg. Hawaiian islands

A

Linear island chain

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25
Q

AKA an archipelago

A

Clustered island chain

26
Q

The immediate hazards of an eruption coming directly from it eg. Pyroclastic flows

A

Primary hazard

27
Q

Indirect hazards caused by primary volcanic hazards which occur on a longer timescale eg. Lahars

A

Secondary hazards

28
Q

Volcanic hazards that result from secondary hazards and have a very long term human impact after the eruption

A

Tertiary hazards

29
Q

A mixture of water, rock, ash and sand from a volcano due to heavy rainfall or heat from a volcanic vent melting ice

A

Lahar

30
Q

High speed avalanches of hot ash, rock fragments and gas, 800°c

A

Pyroclastic flows

31
Q

Volcanic Explosivitiy Index. Measures a out of tephra created on a log scale

A

VEI

32
Q

Highly viscous lava (high in silica ~70%) forms granite, at destructive plate boundaries, forms composite cone volcanos and cooler than basic (~800°c)causing violent eruptions due to trapped air

A

Acidic lava

33
Q

Less viscous lava due to lower silica content (~50%) forms basalt found at constructive plate boundaries and hotspots, higher temps (~1200°c), forms shield volcanos with smaller more frequent eruptions

A

Basic lava

34
Q

Heat from cooling magma can cause hydrothermal change of the rocks, turning into clay, weakening it and increase risk of slope failure

A

Landslides

35
Q

When masses of water/ ice are suddenly released from a glacier

A

Jökuhlaup

36
Q

Point inside crust to where the pressure is released, causing an earthquake

A

Focus

37
Q

Point at the surface of the crust directly above the focus

A

Epicentre

38
Q

Known as moment magnitude scale, measures seismic movement + strength (seismograph) and rigidity of rock + amount of slip

A

Richter scale

39
Q

Measure of earthquake scale from 1-12 based upon total destruction of all buildings (subjective)

A

Mercalli scale

40
Q

Earthquakes caused by tectonic plate movement plate boundaries eg. Ridge, transform, rift, Wadatti Benioff zones

A

Tectonic earthquakes

41
Q

Earthquakes that occur at interplate hotspots, usually with a shallower focus and less scale

A

Magmatic earthquake

42
Q

A zone of seismic activity on the two slabs just above the subduction zone

A

Wadatti Benioff zones

43
Q

Earthquakes on one side of a volcano. Due to a bulge in the magma chamber

A

Earthquake swarm

44
Q

Push waves that travel through the Earth, primary waves recorded

A

P waves

45
Q

Shake waves, travels through Earth and are secondary waves recorded

A

S waves

46
Q

Long waves that travel along the Earths surface, producing large movement and most destructive, last waves recorded

A

L waves

47
Q

Theory that earthquake hazards increase with time due to increased pressure between plates

A

Seismic Gap theory

48
Q

First phase of a tsunami where it’s created either by: earthquake-causing displacement, earthquake-caused landslide or volano

A

Génération phase

49
Q

Second phase of tsunami where it’s travelling in the deep sea with a long wavelength and low crest

A

Propagation phase

50
Q

Third phase of tsunamis where it hits the sea beds and slows due to friction

A

Shoaling phase

51
Q

Final have of a tsunamis where it hits land and then the wave moves back into the sea

A

Inundation + Drawback phase

52
Q

A scale for tsunamis (similar to mercalli scale)

A

Tsunami intensity scale

53
Q

Where a tsunami curves around a coastline

A

Wave refraction

54
Q

The sudden movement of plates due to built-up pressure creating large earthquakes (seismic gap theory)

A

Megathrust

55
Q

A technological disaster caused by natural disaster eg. Fukushima

A

Natec

56
Q

how quickly the peak of the hazard event occurs, how long it takes to travel from focus to disaster zone eg. Earthquakes

A

Speed of onset

57
Q

The ability of people, organizations and systems, using available skills and resources, to manage, money, aid + protection

A

Capacity to cope

58
Q

Measures the risk of a hazard (both physical and social): hazard (mag+frequency) x vulnerability/ capacity to cope

A

Risk equation

59
Q

A factor of the risk equation that measures land degradation and land use as well as the population vulnerability

A

Vulnerability

60
Q

Sensationlisation of a disaster by journalists

A

A2 Geography (5 decks)

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