Physical Case Studys Flashcards
1
Q
When and where was black Saturday
A
2009, in Victoria, Australia
2
Q
Why was Victoria vulnerable to wildfires
A
Covered in eucalyptus forest which is oil rich and burns easily
Area often reaches 40c with low humidity
Susceptible to high winds
Power cables access area
Depopulation has led to a decline in services in rural areas
Indian dipole effect
3
Q
Responses to black Saturday 2009
A
- new fire hazard warning systems announced in 2009
- new building regulations
- debate on wether housing should be banned in high risk areas
- government under criticism for rebuilding in marysville which had been 90% destroyed
4
Q
How many died in black Saturday
A
173
5
Q
How many properties destroyed in black Saturday
A
3500
6
Q
How many displaced in black Saturday
A
7000
7
Q
How many hectares burnt in black sat
A
450 000
8
Q
How many livestock died in black sat
A
12 000
9
Q
How many animals perished in black sat
A
1 mill +
10
Q
Total insurance claims in black sat
A
1.2 bill
11
Q
How high was storm surge in tacloban
A
5 metres
12
Q
How much of tacloban was destroyed
A
90 %
13
Q
How many farmers/ fishers lost income in typhoon haiyan
A
3/4
14
Q
How many died in typhoon haiyan
A
6 200
15
Q
Where did typhoon haiyan hit
A
Phillipines
16
Q
How many homeless in typhoon haiyan
A
4.1 mill
17
Q
How much oil leaked in typhoon haiyan
A
800 000 litres
18
Q
How many hectares of mangroves contaminated during typhoon Haiyan
A
10 hectares
19
Q
How many people died due to stampede for rice after typhoon haiyan
A
8
20
Q
How much did rice prices rise after typhoon haiyan
A
11.9 %
21
Q
How many people evacuated in typhoon haiyan
A
800 000
22
Q
Where did people take refuge during typhoon haiyan
A
Stadium - however this flooded and people died
23
Q
Short term responses to typhoon haiyan
A
Emergency aid supplies arrived after 3 days by plane as airport was closed
Power restored after a week
1 mill food packs distributed after 2 weeks
Curfew introduced to reduce looting
1.5 bill promised in foreign aid
24
Q
Long term responses to typhoon haiyan
A
Government scheme ‘build back better’
No build zones along some coasts
New storm surge warning. System
25
When was typhoon haiyan
2013
26
What magnitude was tohoku earthquake and when did it happen ( Japan and Sendai earthquake)
2011 and mag 9
27
Where was epicentre of tohuku earthquake
70km of coast of coast
28
How many people reached with emeregency aid and supplies
147 000
29
Long term responses to tohoku earthquake
Toyota and and Sony stopped production there
Railway repairs went rails back in action by September
30
How many aftershocks in tohoku earthquake
1235
31
How many died in tohoku earthquake
22 000 ( including 2500 missing persons )
32
How many displaced in tohoku
300 000
33
How tall was tsunami in tohoku
The plate moving 5-8 m caused a tsunami of up to 40.5 meters and swept 10 km inland
34
How high was tsunami that reached Chile tohoku
2 metres
35
How many people died in Haiti earthquake
222 500
36
When was Haiti earthquake
2010
37
How many made homeless in Haiti
1.5 mill
38
How many people immediately buried In mass graves in Haiti
75000
39
How many houses damaged/ destroyed in Haiti
300 000
40
How many prisoners escaped in Haiti
4000
41
Secondary impacts of Haiti
Cholera
Poor management so poor distribution of aid
Looting
1 in 5 lost their job
42
Why is Haiti vulnerable to hazards
On plate boundary between n America and Caribbean
Buildings designed for hurricanes not earthquakes
Lic
Poor infrastructure
43
How much co2 absorbed in Amazon
2.2 billion tonnes in 1990
Only 1 billion in 2015
44
How fasts is the Amazon being deforested
20 000 km2 per year
45
How much carbon released via slash and burn technique
50 - 60 % released immediately
46
How much rainfall in Amazon annually
2000 mm +
47
Deforestation on Amazon
Flooding as reduced water storage in trees rocks and soil. Fewer trees means less evapotranspiration and precipitation, run off also increases. So reduced cloud formation as reduced humidity
48
How many live below poverty line in phillipines
21.6 %
49
Pop density in phillipines
Average 240/km2 , but in Manila 2000
50
What does phillipines Red Cross ( PNRCA) have plans to do
Training local volunteeers in disaster management
Land use mapping
Initiating mitigation measures
Dissertation of information to whole community
Corporation/ partnerships with government bodies
51
How much money in phillipines in long term and short term responses
70 % long 30 short
52
Are phillipines reactive or proactive
Reactive as the hazards are so frequent and so varied it would be difficult to plan them all as they are not hic
53
How many hospitals damaged in tohoku
300
54
Heights of tsunami walls after tohoku
Went from 12 m to 18 m
55
When was hurricane Katrina
2005
56
How many died and how many homeless in Katrina
1800+ dead, 500 000 listed homeless
57
How long was drinking water contaminated after Katrina
5 months
58
How many jobs lost after Katrina
230 000
59
How many victims in Katrina were black
3/4
60
How much were damages in Katrina
108 billion
61
How much of Bangladesh is less than 3 m above sea level
60%
62
Natural Challenges in sundarbans
Coastal flooding
Cyclones
High salinity in soils
Instability of islands
Remoteness and accessibility
63
Human challenges in sundarbans
Over exploitation of coastal resources
Conversion of wetlands
Destructive fishing techniques
Resource use conflicts
64
Opportunities of sundarbans
Mangroves provide high resilience against storms
High soil fertility
1 hectares of mangrove has annual value of 12 000
30 trees per 0.01 hectares can reduce the force of tsunamis by 90%
65
How are the sundarbans mitigate
Khans land ( governament land that supposed to be protected for use by locals
Wetlands and fisheries
Forests
Investment in local infrastructure ( cyclone shelters, hospitals, flood protection)
66
When was east coast flooding in uk
5 December 2013
67
How many died in east coast flooding
2
68
How fast were winds in east coast flooding
100mph
69
Preparation for east coast flooding
800 000 houses protected
5 1/2 mill homes deemed at risk
Thousands evacuated
Thames barrier closed
70
Impacts of east coast flooding
1400 homes flooded
Rats
71
What type of volcanoes was eyjafjallajokul
Composite
72
Location of eyjafjallajokul
Mid Atlantic ridge in southern Iceland
73
When did eyjafjallajokul erupt
2010
74
What did eyjafjallajokul score on VEI
3/4
75
How many flights were cancelled as a result of eyjafjallajokul
100 000 and 10 mill air passenger affected
76
How many evacuated eyjafjallajokul
800
77
What were water supplies contaminated with in eyjaffjallajokul
Fluorine
78
Impacts of eyjafjallajokul
Initially tourism dropped
But money created threw tourism eg lava centre
Losses at 50 mill
79
Responses to ejafjallajokul
People who got money from tourism= positive outlook
Fatalism- no mass outwards migration afterwords
Lots of volcanoes in area so people used to it
Local flood defences constructed
Flights being cancelled
Dredging rivers
Embankment’s also made
80
What type of rainfall do Eden mountains encourage
Orographic rainfall. So rainfall higher than national average as a result of the relief
81
Is the Eden basin narrow or wide
Narrow and long which increases lag time, less likely of a flashy flood , however as all rivers converge in Carlisle it increases flood risk there
82
How steep are slopes in Eden
Steep, reducing lag time and increases peak discharge in the drainage basin
83
What type of rock Is the heights points of river Eden
Igneous rock which is impermeable so infiltration is slow reducing lag time and increasing flood risk in Carlisle
84
What is most of river Eden made up of
Limestone and sandstone , so infiltration is quick and little surface runoff increasing the lag time
85
Storms in river Eden
Desmond 2015, 262mm in 48 hours in village of shap
86
Agriculture on river Eden water cycle
More intense farming so compacted soils from livestock and machines, reduces infiltration and increases run off , so flashy floods
87
Increase in cattle in valley of Eden
30% 2000-2009
88
Why is New Orleans vulnerable
Gulf of Mexico , lake ponchartrain, Mississippi River , water fuels the storm
89
New Orleans history
Indigenous people, French , Spain, french until napoleon sold to USA in 1803
2 primary ethnicity’s= french speaking creoles and English- speaking Anglo-Americans competing for power
90
What did scientific American magazine quote New Orleans
‘New orleans is a disaster waiting to happen’
91
How far did water reach into New Orleans
6-12 miles
92
How many remained in New Orleans before hurricane Katrina
150 000 - elderly , disables, poor, fatalistic couldn’t/didn’t want to leave
93
How high was storm surge in Katrina
10m
94
How many refugees after Katrina
1 million
95
How much of New Orleans was under water during storm
80%
96
How many houses flooded in New Orleans
110 000 out of 180 000 houses , 55 000 to bad to repair
97
How large was the disaster zone of hurricane Katrina
233 000 km2
98
Why was the fact the french quarter was damaged so bad in New Orleans
Reduced tourism
99
How many died whilst looting in New Orleans
4 shot by police
100
Where was the flood water put and how long did this take in New Orleans
Took 43 days to pump water into lake pontchartrain . This was filled of bacteria and sewage so worries of fish populations
101
How much oil leaked in New Orleans
26 million litres from 44 facilities
102
How many national wildlife refuges closed after hurricane Katrina
16
103
How much forest was destroyed from hurricane Katrina
1.3 million acres
104
How much flooding wouldn’t have occurred if levees had held
2/3
105
Was hurricane Katrina path accurate
Yes very
106
How many national guard personal were dispatched to deal with hurricane Katrina
58 000 from 50 states
107
How much in aid for victims of hurricane Katrina
62.3 billion authorised by congress
108
What did FEMA provide
Housing assistance . To more than 700 000 applicants , but only 1/5 were supplied . Also paid for 12 000 individuals for hotel costs.
109
As of 2010 how many Katrina victims still living in FEMA provided trailers
260 families
110
What did Kanye west claim about hurricane Katrina
There was racial reason for slow response , given that most people stranded were African American
111
How much did Kuwait pledge for hurricane Katrina
500 mill
112
Why did George w bush make hurricane Katrina worse
Was on golfing holiday. Allowed photos to be taken of him looking out of plane but this backfired as he was viewed as detched and uncaring
Outsider
113
Why did governor kathleen Blanco make hurricane Katrina response worse
Plans weren’t getting to New Orleans , bad job at communicating relief
114
Why did Micheal d brown make hurricane Katrina worse
Director of fema . Told CNN he wasn’t aware that evacuees were stranded at convention centre. Shortage in food and water, basically got his job from bush
115
how many of the people displaced in hurricane katrina were poor
1/5 likely to be poor according to CRS, and 30% had incomes that were 1 1/2 x below poverty line
116
what % of hurricane katrina victems african american
44%
117
how many elderly people and children displaced in hurricane katrina
88 000 elderly and 183 000 children
118
how long for 1/4 white and black residents to return to new orleans
white - 2 months
black-3 months
119
time taken for half white and black populations to return new orleans
white - 3 months
black - fewer than half returned by the time a survey done 14 months later
120
why were black residents less likely to return after hurricane katrina
they experienced higher rates of severe housing damage, this is because of ratial segregation , so structural/ systematic racism
121
by 2006 what % of people had returned
58%
122
drop in black and white communites after hurricane katrina
100 000 less african americans and 11 500 less white residents in city now than in 2000
123
how much has hispanic community risen in new orleans
2 % ( or 6000 people)
124
how many in public housing hurricane katrina
during katrina 5000 now 1900
125
after hurricane katrina public housing changes
replaced old council houses with mixed income developments
goal to deconcentrate poverty met with partial success
126
how long is river eden
145km
127
human causes of flooding along river eden
farming
deforestation
construction
128
how many new houses built in south carlisle
10 000
129
physical causes of flooding on river eden
geology
gradient
weather/climate
drainage basin shape
130
geology in river Eden
upland areas are mainly igneous
lowland areas sedimentary rocks like sandstone and limestone.
131
gradient of river eden
690m to 180m , 30km downstream
132
eden weather
2800mm in upland and 800mm at mouth
133
what rivers run into carlsle
petteris , caldew , eden
134
how many people died in river eden flood
3
135
how many without power in river eden flood
70 000
136
how many homes flooded in river eden
1600 homes
137
how long did roads and bridges close for in river eden flood
2 days
138
how many trees fell in river eden flood
1150 from wind
139
how much new embankments were built after river eden flood
50km
140
flood managment techniques in river eden
- 350 hectares of peatland to hold water upstream restored
- dams upstream
- remove gravil from river bed to increase capacity
- made 250 water pumps available
141
how many sandbags made available in river eden
500 000
142
parica project in rondonia aims to plant how many trees
1000km2
143
How many boast destroyed in typhoon haiyan
30 000
144
What was the earthquake called an when did it occur in phillipines
Luzon 2018 mag 6.1 , killing 5 people and in 1990 killing 1600
145
How fast is holderness coast eroding
2 m per year
146
How many miles of land lost and how many towns lost since Roman times
3 miles . 23 towns
147
Engineering at Bridlington
4.7km long sea wall
148
Engineering at Hornsea
Sea wall, groynes, rock armour
149
Engineering at withersea
Groynes , seawall, with aims to make beach wider
150
Engineering at mappleton
Rock groynes and revetments as main road
151
Engineering at spurn head
Groynes and rock armour
152
Why does easington have engineering in place
They have revetments and groynes as it has a gas station that provides 20 % nations gas
153
What have groynes at mappleton actually done
Increased erosion down coast at Cowden , leading to farms being destroyed
154
Somewhere along holderness coast where outcome is do nothing
East Riding as it has small population. Sand caravan park owned by lee Reid . He has lost 50 caravan spots and so is loosing land and money
155
Why is holderness eroding so quick
Cliffs are made up of soft boulder clay and strong prevailing winds creating longshore drift
156
After tohoku earthquake how many still in temporary housing after 4 years
230 000
157
Total damage costs for tohoku
300 billion dollars
158
What percentage of people followed tsunami warnings
58%
159
How much did Japanese Red Cross receive in donations
1 billion
160
How often do earthquake drills take place now in Japan
Every year on September 1st
161
Central Amazon conservation complex
2003. Protects area of land that’s 50 000 km2
162
How many acres of reforestation in Peru
2016 - 2019 , replanted 100+ acres of trees
163
What percentage of australias forest burn in 2019-2020 wildfires
20%
164
How many hectors of forest burned by beggining of march 2020
18.6million
165
How many homes killed and how many people died in Australia wildfires in 2019/20
5900 buildings (2779 homes ) 34 killed
166
How far did smoke travel in Australia wildfires 2020
11 000 km across South Pacific to Chile and Argentina
167
How many tonnes of co2 emitted from Australia 2020
306 millions tonnes of co2
168
Earthquake in phillipines
2013 bohol mag 7.2 killing 200
169
Pinatubo
1991. 850 dead
170
How many disaster has the phillipines experienced over the last 2 decades
300
