Physical Examination

Question 1

The concentration of a normal urine specimen can be estimated by which of the following?

A. Color
B. Clarity
C. Foam
D. Odor

Answer 1

A. Color

Question 2

The normal yellow color of urine is produced by:

Answer 2

Urochrome

Question 3

The presence of bilirubin in a urine specimen produces a:

Answer 3

Yellow foam when shaken

Question 4

A urine specimen containing melanin will appear:

Answer 4

black

Question 5

Microscopic examination of clear urine that produces a white precipitate after refrigeration will show:

Answer 5

Amorphous phosphates

Question 6

The color of urine containing porphyrins will be:

Answer 6

Port wine

Question 7

Which of the following specific gravities would be most likely to correlate with urine that is pale yellow?

A. 1.005
B. 1.010
C. 1.020
D. 1.030

Answer 7

A. 1.005

Question 8

A urine specific gravity measured by a refractometer is 1.029, and the temperature of the urine is 14°C. The specific gravity should be reported as:

Answer 8

1.029

Question 9

Specimens that contain hemoglobin can be visually distinguished from those that contain RBCs because:

Answer 9

RBCs produce a cloudy red specimen

Question 10

A patient with a viscous orange specimen may have been:

Answer 10

Treated for a urinary tract infection

Question 11

The presence of a pink precipitate in a refrigerated specimen is caused by:

Answer 11

Uroerythrin

Question 12

The principle of refractive index is to compare:

Answer 12

Light velocity in air with light velocity in solutions

Question 13

A correlation exists between a specific gravity by a refractometer of 1.050 and a:

Answer 13

Radiographic dye infusion

Question 14

The physical examination of urine includes the determination
of the

Answer 14

urine color, clarity, and specific gravity

Question 15

A cloudy urine specimen turns black upon standing and has a specific gravity of 1.012. The major concern about this specimen would be:

Answer 15

Color

Question 16

A specimen with a specific gravity of 1.035 would be considered:

Answer 16

Hypersthenuric

Question 17

A specimen with a specific gravity of 1.001 would be considered:

Answer 17

Not urine

Question 18

A strong odor of ammonia in a urine specimen could indicate:

Answer 18

An old specimen

Question 19

The microscopic examination of clear red urine is reported as many WBCs and epithelial cells. What does this suggest?

Answer 19

Possible mix-up of specimen and sediment

Question 20

Which of the following colligative properties is not stated correctly?

A. The boiling point is raised by solute
B. The freezing point is raised by solute
C. The vapor pressure is lowered by solute
D. The osmotic pressure is raised by solute

Answer 20

B. The freezing point is raised by solute

Question 21

An osmole contains:

Answer 21

One gram molecular weight of solute dissolved in 1 kilogram of solvent

Question 22

The unit of osmolality measured in the clinical laboratory is the:

Answer 22

A. Osmole

Question 23

In the reagent strip specific gravity reaction, the polyelectrolyte:

Answer 23

B. Releases hydrogen ions in response to ion
concentration

Question 24

Which of the following would contribute the most to urine osmolality?

A. One osmole of glucose
B. One osmole of urea
C. One osmole of sodium chloride
D. All contribute equally

Answer 24

One osmole of sodium chloride

Question 25

Which of the following will react in the reagent strip specific gravity test? A. Glucose B. Radiographic dye C. Protein D. Chloride

Answer 25

Chloride

Question 26

Measurement of specific gravity aids in the evaluation of:

Answer 26

renal tubular function

Question 27

Yellow-green color of urine is due to:

Answer 27

Bilirubin oxidized to biliverdin

Question 28

Common descriptions of normal urine include:

Answer 28

pale yellow, yellow, and dark yellow.

Question 29

The yellow color of urine is caused by the presence of a pigment, which... who named it? what is the name of the yellow pigment? what year did he name it?

Answer 29

who named it: THUDICHUM what is the name of the yellow pigment? UROCHROME what year did he name it? 1864

Question 30

a product of endogenous metabolism, and under normal conditions, the body produces it at a constant rate.

Answer 30

Urochrome

Question 31

A diluted urine will be (urine color?)

Answer 31

pale yellow

Question 32

A concentrated specimen will be (urine color?)

Answer 32

dark yellow

Question 33

The presence of uroerythrin (pink/orange pigment) is most evident in:

Answer 33

specimens that have been refrigerated, resulting in the precipitation of amorphous urates in acid urine.

Question 34

_____ an oxidation product of the normal urinary constituent urobilinogen imparts an orange-brown color to urine that is not fresh.

Answer 34

Urobilin

Question 35

a large amount of white foam indicates:

Answer 35

an increased concentration of protein

Question 36

urine specimen that contains bilirubin also may contain

Answer 36

hepatitis virus

Question 37

Photo-oxidation of bilirubin imparts a yellow-green color to the urine caused by the presence of

Answer 37

biliverdin

Question 38

Also frequently encountered in the urinalysis laboratory is the yellow-orange specimen caused by the administration of (drug)

Answer 38

phenazopyridine (produce a yellow foam when shaken) or azo-gantrisin compounds (people with UTI)

Question 39

Other medications that can cause orange-colored urine include the:

Answer 39

anti-inflammatory drug sulfasalazine (Azulfidine), some laxatives, and certain chemotherapy drugs

Question 40

Red blood cells (RBCs) remaining in acidic urine for several hours cause the urine to

Answer 40

turn brown BC!!!!! oxidation of hemoglobin to methemoglobin.

Question 41

RBC in brown-colored urine: several hours: fresh urine:

Answer 41

several hours: oxidation of hemoglobin to methemoglobin fresh: glomerular bleeding (same oxidation process)

Question 42

RED and CLOUDY urine intact RBCs

Answer 42

Hematuria

Question 43

RED and CLEAR urine lysed RBCs

Answer 43

Hemoglobinuria

Question 44

difference between hemoglobinuria and myoglobinuria:

Answer 44

Hemoglobinuria resulting from the in vivo breakdown of RBCs is accompanied by red plasma. Myoglobinuria frequently exhibits a more reddish-brown color Hemoglobinuria = red plasma Myoglobinuria = clear plasma BUT BOTH of them are RED and CLEAR urine

Question 45

Urine specimens containing porphyrins also may appear

Answer 45

RED because of the: oxidation of porphobilinogen to porphyrins PORT WINE = color

Question 46

RED urine (with food ingestion:) alkaline urine = acidic urine =

Answer 46

alkaline urine = fresh beets acidic urine = blackberries

Question 47

RED urine (medications)

Answer 47

1. rifampin 2. phenolphthalein 3. phenindione 4. phenothiazines

Question 48

BLACK urine would mean there may contain melanin. Melanin is an oxidation product ni melanogen (colorless pigment) and makita siya if may excess malignant melanoma MELANURIA is because of?

Answer 48

korek Melanuria = urine that stays for a long period of time

Question 49

Homogentisic acid, a metabolite of phenylalanine, imparts a black color to alkaline urine from patients with the inborn error of metabolism ALKAPTONURIA is because of?

Answer 49

Alkaptonuria = urine is exposed to air

Question 50

BLACK urine (medications)

Answer 50

1. antimalarial drugs - chloroquine and primaquine - levodopa - methyldopa - phenol derivatives - antibiotics metronidazole - nitrofurantoin 2. laxatives containing cascara or senna 3. muscle relaxant - methocarbamol

Question 51

COCA-COLA-like urine is associated with:

Answer 51

acute glomerulonephritis and S. pyogenes (renal bleeding)

Question 52

A purple staining in catheter bags caused by indican in the urine or bacterial infection, frequently caused by what species

Answer 52

Klebsiella or Providencia species

Question 53

refers to the transparency or turbidity of a urine specimen

Answer 53

Clarity

Question 54

Common terminology used to report clarity includes:

Answer 54

clear, hazy, cloudy, turbid, and milky

Question 55

Precipitation of ___________ and __________ may cause white cloudiness in an alkaline urine

Answer 55

amorphous phosphates and carbonates

Question 56

specimens from women can result in urine that is hazy but normal is because there is a presence of:

Answer 56

The presence of squamous epithelial cells and mucus

Question 57

amorphous urates produce a precipitate in:

Answer 57

acidic urine that resembles pink brick dust due to the presence of uroerythrin.

Question 58

Nonpathological Causes of Urine Turbidity:

Answer 58

1. Squamous epithelial cells 2. Mucus 3. Amorphous phosphates, carbonates, urates 4. Semen, spermatozoa 5. Fecal contamination 6. Radiographic contrast media 7. Talcum powder 8. Vaginal creams

Question 59

Pathological Causes of Urine Turbidity:

Answer 59

1. RBCs 2. WBCs 3. Bacteria 4. Yeast 5. Trichomonads 6. Nonsquamous epithelial cells 7. Abnormal crystals 8. Lymph fluid 9. Lipids

Question 60

specific gravity: isosthenuric

Answer 60

specific gravity of 1.010

Question 61

specific gravity: hyposthenuric

Answer 61

below 1.010

Question 62

specific gravity: hypersthenuric

Answer 62

above 1.010

Question 63

normal odor of urine:

Answer 63

faintly aromatic

Question 64

mousy odor:

Answer 64

Phenylketonuria

Question 65

bleach odor:

Answer 65

Contamination

Question 66

Foul, ammonialike odor:

Answer 66

Bacterial decomposition or UTI

Question 67

Fruity, sweet odor:

Answer 67

Ketones (diabetes mellitus, starvation, vomiting)