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Flashcards in Physical examination Deck (75)
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1
Q

Why is it important to use a logical sequence and methodology to assess a patient?

A

To ensure you have assessed the entire patient to prevent missing any important information

2
Q

What does SOAP stand for?

A

S - subjective, How you think the patient is i.e things you can’t measure
O - Objective, Fact about the patient you can measure e.g TPR, pain score
A - Assessment, Identifying the situation, where is the patient in regards to its condition
P - Plan, Veterinary or nursing intervention for that day

3
Q

As well as kennel guarding, what can agitation or vocalisation indicate in kennelled dogs?

A

The need to go to the toilet

4
Q

What is the name given to describe characteristic, repetitive pacing movements that a horse may make around its stable?

A

Box-Walking

5
Q

What is the name given to the locomotor stereotypy where a horse repetitively sways side to side, shifting weight and moving its head and neck back and forth typically over the stable door?

A

Weaving

6
Q

What are the examples of oral stereotypy in horses?

A

Wind-sucking & Crib-biting

7
Q

What are examples of vices in horses?

A

Pawing, Digging, door-kicking

8
Q

How can you reduce stress when hospitalising prey animals?

A

House them away from predators

9
Q

How can you reduce stress when hospitalising cats?

A

Don’t kennel at floor level, keep kennel area quiet, provide hiding places, don’t house cats facing each other provide F3 and F4 pheromones (feliway)

10
Q

Why should horses be able to see others when stabled?

A

because they are herd animals

11
Q

When should patients be isolated?

A

for infection control, seizures and intensive care

12
Q

what should be noted during a physical examination of the head?

A

Correct posture, No head tilt, symmetrical, palpate and note any swellings and masses

13
Q

what does stertor mean?

A

noise on inspiration

14
Q

What does strider mean?

A

Noise on expiration

15
Q

What should be noted during a physical examination of the external nares and upper respiratory tract?

A

External nares slightly moist, no discharge, both nares patient. Note any Stertor or Strider

16
Q

What should be noted during a physical examination or the oral cavity?

A

No Jaw misalignment
No dental malocclusions or spurs
no ulceration
examine teeth and not any tartar, gingivitis, teeth fractures, missing teeth or halitosis
check hard pallet for wounds, foreign bodies, or congenital abnormalities in neonates (cleft palate)

17
Q

What should be noted when examining a hamsters oral cavity?

A

check cheek pouches for food

18
Q

what should be checked before anaesthetising a rodent?

A

check mouth for chewed bedding

19
Q

What should be checked around the mouth?

A

skin fold pyoderma, hyper salivation

20
Q

What would the clinical signs be in an animal that was <5% dehydrated?

A

Moist MMs, Normal skin turgor, CRT <2s, normal eye position, Normal HR

21
Q

What would the clinical signs be in an animal that was 5-8% dehydrated?

A

Tacky MMs, slight tenting of the skin, CRT slightly prolonged, slightly sunken eye position, possibly slightly tachycardic

22
Q

What would the clinical signs be in an animal that was 8-10% dehydrated?

A

Dry MMs, moderate tenting of the skin, prolonged CRT, eyes sunken within orbit, Tachycardia

23
Q

what would the clinical signs be in an animal that was 10-12% dehydrated?

A

Dry MMs, tenting of skin that remains in place, CRT >2s, eyes sunken within orbit, Tachycardica & signs of shock

24
Q

What would the clinical signs be in an animal that was 12-15% dehydrated?

A

Dry MMs, tenting of the skin that remains in place, CRT >2s, eyes sunken within the orbit, Shock, collapse, unconsciousness, death.

25
Q

What would cause a Pale MM colour and what might this indicate?

A

Too few red blood cells in circulation

indicates circulatory collapse

26
Q

What would a Red MM colour indicate?

A

Sepsis, fever, extensive tissue dammage

27
Q

What would cause a Blue/purple MM colour and what might this indicate?

A

Too little oxygen in the blood
Indicated respiratory disease, heart disease
URGENT OXYGENATION REQUIRED

28
Q

What would cause a Yellow MM colour and what might this indicate?

A

Too much bilirubin in the blood
indicates liver disease, bile flow obstruction, increased RBC destruction, equine/feline neonatal isoerythrolysis (remove from mother’s milk)

29
Q

What might cause chocolate brown MM colour in cats and dogs?

A

Paracetamol poisoning

30
Q

What would cause a cherry red MM colour and what might this indicate?

A

Carbon monoxide replacing oxygen in red blood cells

indicates carbon monoxide poisoning from car fumes/fire

31
Q

What does petechiae mean?

A

Capillaries bleeding under the skin causing small red or purple spots

32
Q

What would cause Petechiae in the MMs and what might this indicate?

A

Submucosal haemorrhage

Indicated clotting disorders e.g. willebrand’s disease, rodenticide poisoning

33
Q

What does Icteric mean?

A

the same as jaundice - yellow colouring of the skin

34
Q

What is a normal CRT time?

A

<2 seconds (less than 2 seconds)

35
Q

What can a prolonged CRT time indicate?

A

Poor tissue perfusion

Hypovolaemia, Dehydration, heart failure, shock

36
Q

What does hypovolaemia mean?

A

decreased volume of circulating blood in the body

37
Q

What can a rapid CRT time indicate?

A

Severe sepsis, fever

38
Q

What does blepharospasm mean?

A

squinting

39
Q

What does exophthalmos mean?

A

Protrusions, mass/abscess on the eyeball

40
Q

what does proptosis mean?

A

prolapse of the eye or abnormal eye placement

41
Q

What does keratitis mean?

A

Inflammation of the cornea

42
Q

What does Entropian mean?

A

internal rotation of the eyelids

43
Q

What does Ectropian mean?

A

outward rotation of the eyelids

44
Q

What does Distichia mean?

A

Extra row of eyelashes that rub against the globe

45
Q

What is another term for the Nictitating Membrane?

A

Third eyelid

46
Q

What is the proper term for the third eyelid

A

Nictitating Membrane

47
Q

What does Aniscoria mean?

A

unequal pupil size

48
Q

What is the Corpora Nigra?

A

A normal structure in a horses eye that extended out of the iris and functions to shade the pupil from glare

49
Q

What is Scleral?

A

White outer layer of the eyeball

50
Q

What does Uveitis mean?

A

Inflammation of the uvea (iris is part of this structure)

51
Q

What should be noted when examining discharge from a patients eye?

A

Whether it is unilateral or bilateral - always get the vet to examine discharge before cleaning

52
Q

What is Lymphadenopathies?

A

Disease of the lymph nodes

53
Q

What are the signs of Lymphadenopathies?

A

Enlargement of the lymph nodes, abnormal shape

54
Q

Which lymph nodes may not be palpated in a health cat or dog?

A

Axillary and inguinal

55
Q

What is the difference between rabbit and dog and cat lymph nodes?

A

Rabbits are relatively smaller

56
Q

What is cerumen?

A

Ear wax

57
Q

What is Furunculosis?

A

a skin infection affecting the hair follicles and sweat glands usually bacterial and difficult to treat

58
Q

What is the best way to take a Resp rate on a patient?

A

From afar before handling to reduce stress which might affect the reparation rate

59
Q

What should you note when examining then environment of a horse?

A

Presence of faeces, urine, uneaten food and remaining water. Check state of bedding for excessive disruption, damage or faecal contamination to stable walls.

60
Q

What activity would you expect to see in a young health animal?

A

Cyclical activity, eat - play - urinate/defecate, lots of sleep and suckling if still with mother

61
Q

What animal would need more frequent mentation checks?

A

one with a head trauma or brain tumour

62
Q

When observing an animal from afar what would you check?

A

Resp rate, mental alertness, response to surroundings, posture, gait, body condition, lameness

63
Q

What is Otodectes cynotis?

A

Ear mite of the cat, dog, ferret or fox

64
Q

What is Psoroptes Cuniculi?

A

Rabbit Ear mite

65
Q

What is Psoroptes equi?

A

Horse ear mite

66
Q

What is Dematophytosis?

A

Ringworm

67
Q

What is Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A

Gram negative bacteria

68
Q

What is Pseudomonas aeruginosa commonly a cause of in dogs?

A

Otitis externa and otitis media

69
Q

What smell could be a sign of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A

Very strong and foul smell

70
Q

What smell could indicate Malassezia Pachydermatis?

A

Yeasty smell

71
Q

What does Purulent mean?

A

Pus-containing

72
Q

What might a long, curly coat indicate in older ponies?

A

Cushing’s disease

73
Q

What visible parasites might be present on a dog or cat?

A

fleas, lice, mites and ticks

74
Q

What microscopic parasites might be present on a dog or cat?

A

demodect, sarcoptic and cheyletiella mange

75
Q

What microscopic parasite might be present on a horse?

A

chorioptic mange