Physical Exmaination of Urine Flashcards
Uroerythrin gives a pink pigment due to?
precipitation of amorphous urates
gives an orange brown pigment
Urobilin
oxidation product of urobilinogen
Urobilin
Give 3 other colors which are indicative of yellow foam due to bilirubin
Dark yellow/amber/orange
Describe the urine for hepatitis virus
Dark yellow/amber/orange with yellow foam
Color of foam if proteins are present
White foam
Dark yellow/amber/orange with no foam is due to?
photo-oxidation of large amounts of excreted urobilinogen to urobilin
photo-oxidation of bilirubin due to biliverdin
Yellow/green
Yellow-orange urine is due to?
administration of phenazopyridine or azo-Gantrisin compounds; UTI
Color of urine when blood is present
red/pink/brown
Give 2 non-pathogenic causes which can have a red/pink/brown urine
menstrual contamination & highly pigmented foods
Give 2 medicines for red/pink/brown urine
Rifampin & phenolphthalein
Color may range from link to brown depending on?
amount of blood
pH of urine
length of contact
low pH indicates what color urine?
brown urine
urine is brown due to?
oxidation of hemoglobin and methemoglobin
What color of urine indicate glomerular bleeding due to conversion of hemoglobin to methemoglobin?
brown urine
Color of urine when hemoglobin or myoglobin is present
Red & clear
What specimen is used to distinguish hemoglobinuria and myoglobinuria?
Plasma
Color of urine when RBCs are present
red & cloudy
Port wine color is due to?
porphyrin
Color of urine due to oxidation of porphobilinogen to porphyrins
Port wine
Brown/black urine may contain?
melanin or homogentisic acid
Melanin is due to oxidation of? Indicates what disease?
oxidation of melanogen;
malignant melanoma
metabolite of phenylalanine
homogentisic acid
Homogentisic acid imparts a black color to alkaline urine in person with?
alkaptonuria
UTI caused by Pseudomonas spp. can cause what color of urine?
blue/green
Give 2 medicines for blue/green urine
Methocarbamol
Methylene blue
Measured through visual examination while holding the clear container with urine in front of a light source
Clarity
Give 5 description of urine clarity
straw hazy cloudy turbid milky
In normal clarity, amorphous phosphates & carbonates precipitation cause?
white cloudiness
amorphous phosphates & carbonates:
urates:
amorphous phosphates & carbonates: white ppt & alkaline pH
urates: pink brink/uroerythrin & acidic pH
Give 5 causes of non-pathologic turbidity
semen vaginal creams talcum powder radiographic contrast media fecal contamination
most common pathologic causes of turbidity
RBC
WBC
bacteria
systemic organ disorder
density of a solution compared with the density of a similar volume of distilled water at a similar temperature
Specific gravity
used to evaluate urine concentration
specific gravity
SG normal random specimens
- 002-1.035
1. 015-10.30
only method of urinalysis that requires correcting
refractometry
determines the concentration of dissolved particles in a specimen by measuring refractive index
Refractometry
comparison of the velocity of light in air with the velocity of light in a solution
Refractive index
uses a prism to direct a specific wavelength of daylight against a manufacturer-calibrated SG scale
Clinical refractometers
True or False
Temperature corrections are necessary
False
Temperature is compensated at what degrees?
15C & 38C
Corrections for __(1)__ & __(2)__ must be calculated by subtracting __(3)__ & __(4)__ to each gram respectively.
- Glucose
- Proteins
- 0.004
- 0.003
abnormal high result range
x > 1.040; intravenous pyelogram
affected inly by the number of particles present
Osmolality
Substances of interest for osmolality
Na & Cl
____ contribute more to SG than Na & Cl
urea
Unit of measurement for osmole
milliosmole (mOsm)
(1g) / (# particles)
osmole
measured to determine osmolality
Colligative property
uses freezing point depression to measure osmolality
A2O Advanced Automated Osmometer
based on change in pKa of a polyelectrolyte in an alkaline medium
Reagent strip SG
stain that measures change in pH
Bromthymol blue
low SG:
high SG:
low SG: alkaline (blue)
———-green———
high SG: acid (yellow)
normal odor of freshly voided urine
Aromatic
urea breakdown odor
Aromatic
odor for bacterial infections
foul, ammonia-like
UTI odor
foul, ammonia-like
odor for diabetic ketones, starvation, and vomitting
sweet/fruity
maple syrup urine disease odor
Maple syrup odor
odor for ingestion of certain foods such as onions & garlic
Unusual/pungent
