Physical landscapes - glaciers

Question 1

ice age

Answer 1

period of long term atmospheric cooling, resulting in an expansion of ice sheets and glaciers

Question 2

earths ice age

Answer 2

entered 2.6m years ago
then to now is called quarternary period
split into pleistocene epoch and holocene epoch

Question 3

glacials vs interglacials

Answer 3

ice advance and falling temps 11c average

ice retreat and rising temps 15c average (us rn)

last roughly 30,000 years and 8 in the past 800000 years

Question 4

glacier

Answer 4

sheets of ice moving slowly down a glacier under gravity’s influence

Question 5

last glacial maximum

Answer 5

26000-18000 years ago
latest glacial phase during Q period
much of northern europe covered by an ice sheet
forests only in s europe
sea level lower - no channel
north uk ice sheet, south permafrost similar to siberia

Question 6

freeze thaw weathering

Answer 6

water gets into cracks in rock, freezes and expands creating more cracks
rocks become weakened and it is easier for them to be eroded by glaciers

Question 7

abrasion

Answer 7

rocks within the ice scour the valley floor , leaving a smooth and polished surface
like sandpaper

Question 8

plucking

Answer 8

meltwater beneath glacier freezes and bonds the base of the glacier to the rocks below
glacier moves and segments of rock will he plucked away leaving a jagged rocky surface

Question 9

rotational slip

Answer 9

snowflakes collect in a hollow and become compressed into firn and eventually glacier ice
ice is trapped and unable to move downhill, yet gravity encourages movement
circular motion ensues causing ice to pull away from the back wall
crevasse or bergscrund created

Question 10

basal sliding

Answer 10

weight of ice increases pressure at glacier’s base
this increases warmth and melting so meltwater is present
provides lubrication and the glacier can slide over the surface and downhill due to grvaity

Question 11

bulldozing

Answer 11

ice from upland areas descends on lowland areas and the snout bulldozes material
soil, rocks and boulders are shoved forwards by the moving ice’s force

Question 12

how do glaciers transport material

Answer 12

freeze thaw on mountainsides causes blocks of rock to detach and fall onto ice below
some rocks fall into crevasses
plucking embeds material from the glacier bed into the ice base

Question 13

Outwash

Answer 13

material e.g sand or gravel deposited by meltwater streams in front of and underneath a glacier

Question 14

outwash deposition process

Answer 14

glaciers move from upland to lowland areas and enter a warmer climate zone
in summer meltwater pours off the snout
meltwater rivers can transport vast amounts of water from glaciers into the ocean - rivers carry lots of sediment called outwash
outwash is rounded and reduced in size by attrition as it is carried in water
larger is deposited first as it is heavier and takes more energy to carry; fine is deposited further

Question 15

till

Answer 15

unsorted material deposited directly by glacial ice, showing no stratification or layering

Question 16

till deposition process

Answer 16

material brought down by ice from up to lowland areas
section of ice material is carried on reaches warmer lowland areas
temporarily becomes the snout then melts and deposits what it carried
as this was not carried by water is is unsorted and angular
may be scratched from grinding in the glacier

Question 17

corrie

Answer 17

deep depression on a hillside with a steep back wall, often containing a lake
snow collects in a natural hollow on a mountainside; further snow collects and snow underneath is compressed into firn then glacial ice
hollow is deepened and widened by the corrie glacier through abrasion and plucking
overdeepening causes an armchair shape and a rock lip to be formed

Question 18

arete

Answer 18

sharp ridge of rock between 2 corries
2 corries erode back to back toward each other, leaving an arete once the ice melts
e.g striding edge

Question 19

pyramidal peak

Answer 19

sharp edged mountain top
carved and steepened by weathering and erosion forming corries around it
3 or more corries erode back towards each other at a mountain top, leaving a pointed peak

Question 20

glacial trough

Answer 20

valley with steep sides and a flat base
when a glacier moves downhill it takes the easiest path, usually an old v shaped river valley with interlocking spurs and tributaries
glacier moves through this path and widens, deepens, steepens and straightens the valley by abrasion and plucking, creating a u shape
when the ice melts, a glacial trough is left behind

Question 21

truncated spurs

Answer 21

interlocking spurs are projecting ridges extending alternately from the opposite sides of a v-shaped river valley where a winding river flows
glacier cuts off these spurs through erosion, creating truncated sours

Question 22

hanging valleys

Answer 22

high level tribuatry valleys from which there is a sharp fall to the level of the lower, main valley
extra depth of the lower valley is due to more severe glaciation, where there was more ice
waterfalls can be found flowing over hanging valleys

Question 23

ribbon lakes

Answer 23

long narrow lakes on the floor of a glacial valley
occur where glaciers have eroded softer rock, creating rock basins

Question 24

misfit streams

Answer 24

small streams in large glaciated valleys
glacial troughs created and rivers occupying valleys afterwards are not in proportion with the valley size

Question 25

moraine

Answer 25

any glacially formed accumulation of unconsolidated glacial debris, can occur in a currently or formerly glaciated region can be comprised of debris ranging in size from silt like glacial flour to large boulders

Question 26

lateral moraine

Answer 26

forms at the edges of the glacier - mostly rocks that have fallen off valley sides due to freeze-thaw when ice melts a low ridge is formed

Question 27

medial moraine

Answer 27

tributary glacier joins the main glacier and 2 lateral moraines merge to to produce a single line of sediment running down the centre of the main glacier low ridge formed down valley centre

Question 28

ground moraine

Answer 28

material dragged underneath glacier is left behind when the ice melts and often forms uneven hilly ground

Question 29

terminal moraine

Answer 29

lots of material piles up at the glacier snout to form a very high ridge across the valley - represents the glacier's furthest advance

Question 30

erratics

Answer 30

rock of boulder that differs from the surrounding rock believed to be brought from a distance by glacial action

Question 31

drumlins

Answer 31

smooth hills which all lie in the same direction and have similar shapes (30m high and 300m long) overloaded, melting ice pushes forward over a lowland area and only a small obstacle is enough to encourage deposition most deposition occurs at the upstream end, forming the blunt end, and the rest of the till is moulded into shape by the moving ice to form the tapered end

Question 32

glacial landforms in the lake district

Answer 32

red tarn - corrie lake striding edge - arete grisedale - hanging valley ullswater - ribbon lake keswick - u shaped valley fields in borrowdale - moraine boarder stone - erratic

Question 33

tourism pros lake district

Answer 33

areas are perfect for hiking, climbing etc job opportunities for locals local businesses can prosper positive multiplier

Question 34

tourism cons lake district

Answer 34

traffic and noise footpath erosion and litter destroys hotspots farmers - dogs chase sheep, gates left open, trampled crops

Question 35

quarrying pros ld

Answer 35

fewer dangers as upland is sparsely populated some rock types have high economic value so are desired by many industries e.g construction

Question 36

quarrying cons ld

Answer 36

can destroy habitats and cause pollution also lorries for transport health and safety risks

Question 37

sheep farming pros ld

Answer 37

areas with little other use can be used for grazing provides employment and income from the products of farming

Question 38

sheep farming cons ld

Answer 38

conflict between farmers and tourists modern farm buildings disrupt the landscape environmental concerns with grazing

Question 39

forestry pros ld

Answer 39

good economic use of steep slopes conifers are well adapted to acidic soils

Question 40

forestry cons ld

Answer 40

logging disrupts wildlife takes 20-30y to reap benefits newly logged areas can be ugly

Question 41

land use conflicts

Answer 41

occur when activities of two different groups are incompatible and cause problems

Question 42

social impact tourism ld

Answer 42

high house prices 20% of properties are rentals or second homes congestion is an issue as nearly 90% arrive by car jobs in tourism are seasonal and poorly paid

Question 43

economic impact tourism ld

Answer 43

thousands of locals work in shops, hotels, services new businesses e.g adventure tourism can flourish money spent in the area has a positive multiplier effect nearly £1bn spent in the lake district in 2014

Question 44

environmental impact tourism ld

Answer 44

tourist hotspots show signs of overcrowding pollution from vehicles can damage ecosystems walkers can damage farmland and dogs disturb livestock money from tourism can be used to conserve the environment

Question 45

tourism management ld

Answer 45

reducing traffic by building dual carriageways, contolled parking zones, speed bumps, expanded public transport managing footpath erosion by reinforcing and rebuilding footpaths (fix the fells), also upland path landscape restoration project protecting the environment by having posters and leaflets teaching locals to respect the area