Urban Issues and Challenges

Question 1

Urbanisation trends

Answer 1

total number of people living in urban areas has increased by 2000 million (1975-2009)
increased more in lics than hics
since 2000 s america has the highest %

Question 2

natural increase

Answer 2

achieved when there is a higher birth rate than death rate

Question 3

megacities

Answer 3

10m pop or more
tokyo, nyc, mexico city first 3
28 by 2014
40ish by 2050

Question 4

lagos importance

Answer 4

nigerias centre of trade and commerce - 10% of population
80% of nigerias industry
major airport
largest city in africa, financial centre in west africa

Question 5

urbanisation in nigeria causes

Answer 5

few jobs except farming
unrest in the north
better education and health services

Question 6

squatter settlement

Answer 6

area of poor quality housing, lacking in amenities e.g water, sewage, electricity, which often develops spontaneously and illegally in a city in an lic

Question 7

lagos social opportunities

Answer 7

more schools and universities
closer to healthcare
good travel connections
city is taking steps to reduce crime and leccy shortages

Question 8

lagos economic opportunities

Answer 8

more jobs available
possible to work in informal economy
work in the dump - sorting waste
jobs in the cattle industry

Question 9

lagos challenge of providing clean water, energy, sanitation

Answer 9

just 10% have access to a treated water supply
reliance on wells and water vendors
lagos has poor sanitation and inadequate sewage systems
many use generators as energy infrastructure is insufficient

Question 10

reducing crime lagos

Answer 10

high rising unemployment rate
40% of workforce in informal economy
no unemployment benefits
poverty is a leading cause of crime
scams and cyber fraud becoming an issue in finance

Question 11

access to services lagos

Answer 11

free education provided for all younger children, but many work to support family
secondary school limited and mostly private
inadequate gov funding results in a lack of resources
up to 100 students per teacher
investments into healthcare arent matching rapid population growth

Question 12

managing environmental issues lagos

Answer 12

not enough infrastructure to cope with the amount of waste
limited funding
landfill sites pose health risks
13000 tonnes of waste daily with only 20-30% correctly disposed of
30% of air pollution from road transport as traffic is very bad

Question 13

challenges of urban planning lagos

Answer 13

growing population - predicted 40mil by 2035
4x more crowded than london
rising sea levels pose a threat
water and power supply infrastructure is unreliable

Question 14

makoko floating school

Answer 14

built to rise and fall on a lagoon on the outskirts of lagos
can rise and fall with changing sea levels
sustainable - generates energy from solar panels, using local building materials, collects rainwater
inexpensive and future proof
60 children and also community space
school collapsed in 2016 - doubts abour longvity of future projects
water based risks and not durable

Question 15

uk population urbanisation

Answer 15

82% in cities
high pop in london, nw bc of cheap housing and major cities
sw sparse - not many jobs or major cities, lots of agriculture

Question 16

importance of london

Answer 16

main hub for uk transport network
world city with global influence
hqs of mncs, centre of world finance

Question 17

impacts of migration london

Answer 17

uks most diverse city, less than half white british origin
spitalfields has a cosmopolitan vibe - huguenots, jewish, bangladeshi, somali

Question 18

shoreditch - urban change

Answer 18

30 years ago run down, industrial
now there are flats, offices, restaurants, jobs in creative industries and hitech companies
fashionable places to shop, eat, party
attracting young and educated people who are customers and employees
good place to live now
higher prices

Question 19

urban greening

Answer 19

47% of london is green space, with royal and municipal parks
8.1m trees in london producing oxygen, reducing flooding, providing habitats for 13000 species, 30k allotments
encoraged to not pave over gardens
london has a green grid to link spaces

Question 20

social deprivation london

Answer 20

over 2m considered socially deprived
greenwich and newham (20+%) more deprived than richmond and ken+chelsea (0-5%)
most socially deprived areas are n and e of centre as e developed aroynd secondary not tertiary sector
canary wharf is an exception as it has been recently developed and gentrified

Question 21

housing london

Answer 21

yearly pop increases by 10k but only 20k new houses built
house prices continue to fluctuate and increase

Question 22

brownfield site

Answer 22

land that has been used and abandoned, now awaiting another use
land needs to be decontaminated

Question 23

greenfield site

Answer 23

has not been built on
cheaper but more habitat lost

Question 24

waste system london

Answer 24

no consistency across the city making it confusing

Question 25

air pollution london

Answer 25

causing 4300 early deaths annually more concentrated in centre, heathrow, n circular cycle super highways, crossrail, hybrid buses reduce

Question 26

urban sprawl

Answer 26

spread of a town/city into the surrounding countryside green belt prevents urban sprawl and protects rural environments conurbaton - extened urban area, towns merge with suburbs of city

Question 27

commuter villages - kings langley

Answer 27

well connected to urban areas, larger houses reduced amount of services and jobs as residents work in the major city and aren't around in the day lots of traffic at peak times increased house prices

Question 28

urban regeneration

Answer 28

revival of old parts of a built up area by installing modern facilities in old buildings, or opting for redevelopment

Question 29

stratford pre regeneration

Answer 29

derelict overgrown land, chemicals most not residential higher levels of social deprivation and unemploymet higher % of unqualified people development of docklands hadnt reached stratford

Question 30

stratford regeneration

Answer 30

over 100 hectares green space with new sports facilities tourism, eco, also good for people social housing demolished 2800 new homes and 35 small businesses affordable? new schools with 1800 students helping with lack of qualifications westfield shopping 10k jobs attracting people to area, pos multiplier hard for local businesses

Question 31

urban sustainability

Answer 31

urban area can meet own needs without making it difficult for future generations to meet their needs

Question 32

sustainability stratford

Answer 32

access to public transport 9 dif rail links water recycling system reducing consimption by 1/3 buildings dont have own bioers, energy reduced heat as a byproduct of electricity used to heat piped water

Question 33

urban transport strategies

Answer 33

freiburg - tram networks is cheap and efficient 400km of cycle paths, over 9000 bike parking spaces sinagpore - policies e.f car sharing, electronic monitoring traffic, restricions of entry and high fuel prices beijing- limited car sales and vehicle use restriction expansion of public transport