Physics Flashcards

Question

SDG 7

Answer 1

Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all. Keywords: Share of renewables, Energy efficiency, Financial flows

Answer 2

Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable. Keywords: Urban population, public transport, air pollution

Answer 3

Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts Keywords: Natural disaster, Investment in fossil fuels

Answer 4

Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Brundtland Report in 1987

Answer 5

System: A quantity of matter or a region in space chosen for study Surroundings: The mass or region outside the system Boundary: The real or imaginary surface that separates the system from its surroundings.

Answer 6

Cumulative Energy Demand Process: The activity of using resources to enable the transformation of inputs into outputs. Process chain: A process chain illustrates the processes, as part of a system, and the relations between them.

Answer 7

A functional unit is a quantified description of the function of a product. It serves as reference basis for all calculations regarding the impact assessment. (e.g. 1 l of red wine, 1 kWh, 6000h of lightening with 1000 lumen)

Answer 8

A simplification of reality

Answer 9

Life-Cycle Assessment An impact category is a "class representing environmental issues of concern to which life cycle inventory analysis results may be assigned."

Answer 10

핵분열: Nuclear Fission 핵융합: Nuclear Fusion

Answer 11

핵분열은 말 그대로 하나의 무거운 원소를 분열시키며 에너지를 만들고, 핵융합은 가벼운 원소들이 융합하면서 에너지를 만든다. 이중 핵분열은 우리가 잘 알고 있는 원자력 발전의 원리가 된다. 이를 위해선 무거운 원자핵(우라늄)이 외부에서 낮은 에너지를 가진 중성자(열중성자)와 충돌하는 과정이 필요하다. 중성자와 충돌한 원자핵은 각기 다른 원자핵 2개로 분열되며 중성자 2~3개와 막대한 에너지를 방출하게 되고, 이 에너지로 물을 끓여 터빈을 돌리는 방식으로 ‘원자력발전’이 이뤄진다. 핵분열과 핵융합 모두 막대한 에너지 획득이 가능하면서도 탄소배출이 없다는 장점이 있다. 대신 핵분열의 경우 방사성 폐기물이 발생하므로 높은 수준의 관리가 필요하다

Answer 12

수소와 같은 가벼운 원소(element)들이 합쳐지는 과정이다. 이들 원자핵을 초고온으로 가열시키면 원자핵 간 거리가 가까워지며 강한 핵력에 의해 결합하게 된다. 이 과정에서 역시 어마어마한 에너지가 발생한다. 태양이 내뿜는 엄청난 에너지가 바로 이 핵융합을 통해 만들어진다.

Answer 13

An impact category is a class representing environmental issues of concern to which life cycle inventory analysis results may be assigned. - greenhous gas emissions/ global warming - stratespheric ozone depletion - acidification - eutrophication - photochemical ozon formation - land use impacts - water use impacts - Resource depletion - Depletion of energy carriers - Human- and eco-toxicity

Answer 14

Volcanic crater (화산분화구)로부터 얼마간 떨어진 거리에 Fumarole (화산 분기공), CI Spring (Clorine Isotope spring) 몇개로 Probable Resource 범위를 규정 --> 그 안에서 Proven Reserve가 Well

Answer 15

1. Igneous rocks: granite, basalt 2. Metamorphic rocks: slate, marble 3. Sedimentary rocks: limestone, sandstone, clay

Answer 16

전기는 100% exergy임 (그래서 가스보다 5배 비쌈). Exergy란 the capacity of energy to be transformed into any other form of energy i.e. to do physical work. 그런데 전기 히터에서 heat은 mechanical energy로 transformed 되었을 때 이미 lower quality 임. Only very little output of heat can be subsequently used to perform work 하기 때문에 an electric heater has a low exergy output.

Answer 17

ƞ Mechanical energy in wind (P_Wind= 1/2 m v^2) Mechanical energy in the rotor (P_Rotor=P_Wind * Power coefficient) Mechanical energy in the shaft (Effieiciency Eta ƞ_el : Aerodynamic rotor losses and mechanical losses in bearings and gears) Electrical energy (P_electrical power = P_Rotor * Efficiency_el)

Answer 18

손실전력을 줄인다 = 전압을 높인다. 1.송전선의 저항을 줄인다. 1) 저항이 작은 송전선 사용 (e.g. Ag 은.. 너무 비쌈) 2) 도선 굵기를 굵게. 2. 송전 전류의 세기를 줄인다. P = Iˆ2R (Joule's law) 에서 I을 줄이는거고, P가 그대로인상태에서 P=UI (Ohm's law)인데 I이 줄면 U는 늘어나는것. 따라서 전압이 높고 손실전력이 낮은상황 설명. (전압이 높을수록 전력손실이 줄어드니까).

Answer 19

3차원 공간에서 전기력도 받고 자기력도 받으니 생기는 힘. Movement of a magnet in a coil induces a voltage: magnetic field and electrons are in motion relative to each other, charges are seperated by Lorentz force. (N극 가면 가지말라고 S극으로 변화, N극 오면 오지말라고 N극으로 변화) With constant polarity: charges are always deflected in the same direction --> direct current (DC) With alternating polarity: charges are deflected in different directions --> Alternating current (AC)

Answer 20

결론은 hydrogen 과 oxygen ("cold combustion")을 통해 열과 전기를 생산하는 것. Hydrogen 이 Anode (negative pole)와 만나면 electrons과 protons로 분리됨. 중간에는 nickel 이나 platinum으로 코팅된 ion-permeable membrane인 electrolyte로 분리되어 있고. Protons이 electrolyte를 지나 cathode (positive pole)에 도착하면 주입된 산소와 electron들과 함께 결합해서 물과 열을 생산함.

Answer 21

(액체상태에서 기체상태로 쉽게 변할수 있는 냉매를 활용하여 주변의 열을 흡수하도록 하는것) A heat pump is a machine that generates heating energy from a low-temperature heat source using an electrically driven compressor. 압축기(Compressor)에서 나온 고온, 고압의 냉매(Refrigerant)가 응축기(Condenser coil)에서 로 가고, 압력을 낮춰서 온도가 낮은 액체가 됨. 이때 표면에서 열이 방출됨. 저온,저압의 냉매는 증발기(Expansion valve)로 넘어가서 주변의 온도를 뺏으며 기체상태가 됨. 이때문에 냉장고 전체가 시원해짐. 증발기에서 나온 기체는 압축기로 되돌아감.

Answer 22

The term Biomass is used for all materials of organic origin, i.e. living matter (trees) products derived from it (paper) wastes (straw, manure). Biomass thus inclues: - plant and animal matter (primary biomass) - all wastes and by-products (secondary biomass) - products derived from them through one or more conversion steps (tertiary biomass) through Photosynthesis Sustainable 1) Basic material: crops (miscanthus, bamboo), agri crops (corn, soybean), aquatic crops (algae) 2) Processes: Fermentation Drying, Processing Biomass gasification, Biomass-to-Liquid 3) Products: Vegie oils, Logs, Wood pellets, Stalk-type fules, Biogas, Biodiesel, Bioethanol 4) Utilization: Fuel

Answer 23

1) Conversion into gaseous bioenergy sources: Biogas for electricity and heat production 2) Conversion to liquid bioenergy sources: biofuels and heating fuels 3) Use as a solid bioenergy source: Combustion or thermochemical gasification

Answer 24

Bioplastics Natural fiber reinforced plastics Wood-Plastic-Composites

Answer 25

- Tank-and-plate controversy (그땅으로 농사지으면 되지않냐) - Land use issues - Monocultural production (loss of biodiversity) - Imports of biomass from other countries - Using biomass as a quasi Co2-material fuel or as CO2-absorbing sink?

Answer 26

Conversion of the potentials between wave crest and wave trough into electricity 원리 Pneumatic chamber: 파도에 따라 들어오는 물의 양이 달라지면서 공기의 압력을 통해 터빈을 돌림. Usually to be combined with storage. Sea snake: 컨테이너 여러개 이은 정션에서 motion이 hydraulics and generator로 인해 전기로 변환

Answer 27

Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, Amortisation 바텐팔 Income statement 에는 EBITDA + Impairment (자산가치의 손실, 감손) 고려하고 있음.

Answer 28

적용 대상이 다르다. Depreciation은 유형자산 (잔존자산이 있으니) Amortisation은 무형자산 (잔존자산 없음) Depletion은 Natural resources에 적용한다. 유형자산은 구매 초기에 가치 하락폭이 더 크고, 무형자산은 일정하게 하락한다.

Answer 29

Expected Return on asset j = Risk-free rate + Beta * Market risk premium r_Eq_j = i + (r_M - i) * beta_j beta_j = cov (r_j, r_M) / var (r_M) = asset specific risk

Answer 30

Q_out을 구하라는 것. Q_out = Q_in + P_p - abs(P_t) (Qin - Qout + Pin - Pout = 0이니까) 그럼 Q_in에 효율 곱해서, P_p에 효율 곱해서, P_t터빈은 고대로 빼주면 됨.

Answer 31

If you’re not guided by a clear sense of purpose, you’re likely to fritter away your time and energy on obtaining the most tangible, short-term signs of achievement, not what’s really important to you.

Answer 32

And just as a focus on marginal costs can cause bad corporate decisions, it can lead people astray. The marginal cost of doing something wrong “just this once” always seems alluringly low. You don’t see the end result to which that path leads. The key is to define what you stand for and draw the line in a safe place

Answer 33

On the last day of class, I ask my students to turn those theoretical lenses on themselves, to find cogent answers to three questions

Answer 34

People who are driven to excel have this unconscious propensity to underinvest in their families and overinvest in their careers—even though intimate and loving relationships with their families are the most powerful and enduring source of happiness.

Answer 35

Knowing what tools to wield to elicit the needed cooperation is a critical managerial skill.

Answer 36

inter alios

Answer 37

명백히, 분명히 in a way that is total, or expressed very clearly with no doubt: She unequivocally denied the allegations. He unequivocally ruled out the possibility of military intervention.

Answer 38

(사실이 아닐수도 있는것을) 주장하다, 요지 They purport to represent the wishes of the majority of parents at the school. The study purports to show an increase in the incidence of the disease. The tape recording purports to be of a conversation between the princess and a secret admirer.

Answer 39

그럴듯한/ 그럴듯하게 구는 seeming likely to be true, or able to be believed: a plausible explanation/excuse

Answer 40

(생각·주장 등이) 틀렸음을 입증하다 (서류·계약·선거 등을) 무효화하다 A few minor factual errors should not invalidate the theory.

Answer 41

다른 어떤 권리를 침해하지 않는다는 의미. 소송에서 사용하지못하도록 넣는 문구. without prejudice save as to costs는 법원이 사건 자체에 판결을 내릴때까지만 적용되고, 비용 정산에는 적용되지 않는다.

Answer 42

거부하다, 물리치다 (=reject) (공식적으로) 부인하다 (=deny) 구식 (사람과) 절연하다, (아내를[와]) 버리다[이혼하다] He repudiated the allegation/charge/claim that he had tried to deceive them. I utterly repudiate those remarks.

Answer 43

Over the next decade, more powerful offshore will bring a host of knock-on cost reductions. We anticipate offshore wind capex to drop by a quarter by 2030 on a like-for-like basis.

Answer 44

ibidem의 약자로 바로 앞과 동일하단 뜻 (in the same place)

Answer 45

opus citatum 중간에 다른논문 인용했었지만 앞에서 인용된 논문일때

Answer 46

vis-à-vis ~에 비하여

Answer 47

exogenous [엑서-제너스], endogenous [엔더-제너스]

Answer 48

double, triple, quadraple, quintuple

Answer 49

Whether you call it propaganda or greenwashing, companies have long used marketing to tout the good they do for the environment while obfuscating any negative externalities of their businesses. tout court [투 쿠어]

Answer 50

However, thanks to the rise of the internet and social media and the proliferation of data on ESG performance, consumers (and employees) are now acutely aware of whether organizations are actually practicing what they preach.

Answer 51

The term greenwashing was coined by environmentalist Jay Westerveld in 1986 as a rebuke to companies that claimed to be environmentally friendly without offering any evidence to back up their claims.

Answer 52

Its purported mission was to encourage environmental stewardship, but the ulterior motive seems to have been to shift the blame for plastic waste pollution from the companies to their customers.

Answer 53

boon The move was a PR boon for these companies, but more importantly, a significant win for the planet.

Answer 54

하락 bearish, 상승 bullish

Answer 55

But a mild weather outlook with continued strong renewable generation will likely keep a lid on emissions, with few signs of recovery for industrial sectors and aviation emissions retreating from summer holiday highs.

Answer 56

Although power sector emissions will likely be dampened by prolonged low demand, mild weather and strong renewables output, there are some upside risks from prolonged nuclear plant outages, conservative hydropower generation and gas supply uncertainties.

Answer 57

The outlook for industrial sectors continues to look sluggish on weak output and energy cost uncertainties.

Answer 58

Aviation emissions are expected to stay the course for their pandemic recovery, but at a decelerated pace after the summer holiday season - and their impact on EUA (EU Emissions Allowances) demand will be buffered by the addition of 2.7 mil free aviation allowances for 2023.

Answer 59

Power generation has reduced by 19% month-on-month in August to date despite an expected uptick because of high summer temperatures.

Answer 60

Rising aviation emissions come just as free allocation is set to be phased out for the sector, pushing up airlines' hedging activity and raising demand for EUAs, as EUAs and EUAAs (aviation allowances) are fully fungible.

Answer 61

Pries for European energy commodities remain subdued compared to the crisis-riddled 2022 but have shown a slight inclide in August. This is particularly the case for natural gas, whose price swings have seeped into the price of EUAs.

Answer 62

Low demand, strong renewables dent power sector emissions

Answer 63

A simmering cauldron of renewables ‘revenue cannibalization’

Answer 64

Keynes's influence started to wane in the 1970s, partly as a result of the stagflation that plagued the Anglo-American economies during that decade, and partly because of criticism of Keynesian policies by Milton Friedman and other monetarists, who disputed the ability of government to favourably regulate the business cycle with fiscal policy.

Answer 65

The advent of the global financial crisis of 2007–2008 sparked a resurgence in Keynesian thought.

Answer 66

Keynesian economics provided the theoretical underpinning for economic policies undertaken in response to the financial crisis of 2007–2008 by President Barack Obama of the United States, Prime Minister Gordon Brown of the United Kingdom, and other heads of governments.

Answer 67

Keynes' father was an advocate of laissez-faire economics, an economic philosophy of free-market capitalism that opposes government intervention.

Answer 68

During the Great Depression of the 1930s, Keynes spearheaded a revolution in economic thinking, challenging the ideas of neoclassical economics that held that free markets would, in the short to medium term, automatically provide full employment, as long as workers were flexible in their wage demands.

Answer 69

since wages and labour costs are rigid downwards the economy will not automatically rebound to full employment.

Answer 70

He detailed these ideas in his magnum opus, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, published in early 1936.

Answer 71

One of the most influential economists of the 20th century, he produced writings that are the basis for the school of thought known as Keynesian economics, and its various offshoots.

Answer 72

His most popular work, The Road to Serfdom, has been republished many times over the eight decades since its original publication.

Answer 73

Ostrom was awarded the accolade for her research analyzing economic governance, with a focus on managing finite resources, referred to as "commons," within a community. [ˈækəleɪd ]

Answer 74

She was a Distinguished Professor at Indiana University and the Arthur F. Bentley Professor of Political Science and co-director of the Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis at Indiana University, as well as research professor and the founding director of the Center for the Study of Institutional Diversity at Arizona State University in Tempe.

Answer 75

Juglars [8-10-year business cycles]

Answer 76

Kondratieff

Answer 77

In Schumpeter's analysis, the history of capitalism has been punctuated by long and short waves.

Answer 78

A long wave is prompted by a new set of technologies and industries coming into existence.

Answer 79

In this chapter, Schumpeter offered a new, unique insight into how economies grow, sharply deviating from the traditional economic dictums of his day, which held that markets passively tend toward equilibrium until profit margins are wiped out. ut dictum

Answer 80

Instead, Schumpeter argued, economic progress is not gradual and peaceful but rather disjointed, abrupt, and sometimes unpleasant.

Answer 81

Rather, the law of rent refers to the economic return that land should accrue for its use in production.

Answer 82

[ -æ̀sənɔ́:rəm ] pons asinorum

Answer 83

[ ˌseptɪˈsiːmiə ] Ricardo died at 51 from an ear infection that led to septicaemia (sepsis).

Answer 84

At 21, he eloped with a Quaker and converted to Unitarianism, causing estrangement from his family.

Answer 85

As a reaction to the common policy of protecting national markets and merchants, what came to be known as mercantilism—nowadays often referred to as "cronyism" or "crony capitalism"—Smith laid the foundations of classical free market economic theory. The Wealth of Nations was a precursor to the modern academic discipline of economics.

Answer 86

In this and other works, he developed the concept of division of labour and expounded upon how rational self-interest and competition can lead to economic prosperity.

Answer 87

The EU is a creation of this concept of integration, without national sovereignty having been amalgamated.

Answer 88

The Member States were not prepared to relinquish the structure of their nation state — which they had only just recovered and then consolidated after the Second World War — for the benefit of a European confederation.

Answer 89

It is also confirmed more specifically by the establishment of institutions endowed with sovereign rights, the exercise of which affects Member States and also their citizens

Answer 90

The President, Vice-Presidents and Quaestors (Members of the European Parliament entrusted with administrative and financial tasks) make up the Bureau, which is elected by Parliament for terms of 2.5 years.

Answer 91

Following decades of efforts, a uniform electoral procedure was finally introduced by the act concerning the election of representatives of the European Parliament by direct universal suffrage in 1976 and then fundamentally reformed by the direct elections act in 2002.

Answer 92

he Parliament has its seat in Strasbourg, where the 12 periods of monthly plenary sessions, including the budget session, are held.