Physics Flashcards
lockinskeep (260 cards)
1
Q
The isospin and strangeness, along with three free parameters, determine this quantity for hadrons in a formula developed by Okubo and Gell-Mann
A
Mass
2
Q
When this quantity equals zero, the Dirac equation reduces to the Weyl [vile] equation
A
Mass
3
Q
A Millennium Prize problem involves determining whether Yang-Mills theory has a “gap” in this quantity
A
Mass
4
Q
The Komar form of this quantity can be defined for stationary spacetimes
A
Mass
5
Q
The weak equivalence principle relates this quantity’s active, passive, and inertial forms
A
Mass
6
Q
The Friedmann equations assume that this property produces curvature as the sole contributor to the stress-energy tensor
A
Mass
7
Q
An imaginary value of this quantity is possessed by a Tachyonic field
A
Mass
8
Q
A Kibble balance was used in 2019 to redefine this quantity’s SI unit exactly in terms of the Planck constant
A
Mass
9
Q
The presence of binding energy causes atomic nuclei to have a namesake “defect” in this quantity compared to their constituent particles
A
Mass
10
Q
The “seesaw mechanism” might explain a nonzero value of this quantity in certain fermions
A
Mass
11
Q
The constant product of two eigenvalues is used to explain a property of these particles in the seesaw mechanism
A
Neutrinos
12
Q
A form of double beta decay that does not emit these particles would imply that they are their own antiparticles
A
Neutrinos
13
Q
Only one-third the expected solar flux of these particles was observed due to their flavor oscillations, which were predicted by Bruno Pontecorvo
A
Neutrions
14
Q
Water tanks with Cherenkov [chuh-REN-koff] detectors are used to find these particles in Super-Kamiokande [KAH-mee-oh-KAHN-day]
A
Neutrinos
15
Q
Observing photomultiplier tubes trained on some water near a nuclear reactor determined these particles’ existence in the Cowan-Reines experiment
A
Neutrinos
16
Q
DUMAND, an early detector of these particles located off of the coast of Hawaii, was a precursor to a detector of this particle that consists of thousands of Digital Optical Modules located thousands of meters below Antarctic ice
A
Neutrinos
17
Q
These particles are thought to be CPT-invariant, which would mean they are their own antiparticles and make them the only Majorana fermions in the Standard Model
A
Neutrinos
18
Q
The IceCube experiment has sought to detect hypothetical examples of these particles that only interact with gravity, termed “sterile” ones
A
Neutrinos
19
Q
This quantity is raised to the negative fourth power in the definition of Einstein’s gravitational constant
A
speed of light
20
Q
The slope of a 45 degree line on a Minkowski diagram equals this quantity because Minkowski time is scaled by this quantity
A
speed of light
21
Q
By comparing interference patterns, this quantity was found not to depend on the direction of measurement in the Michelson-Morley experiment
A
speed of light
22
Q
In 1957, Robert Dicke proposed that this quantity has a small correction term inversely proportional to the distance to a star
A
speed of light
23
Q
A toothed rotating cogwheel is used to measure this quantity in the Fizeau experiment
A
speed of light
24
Q
This quantity and big G are set equal to one in geometrized units
A
speed of light
25
"One-way” measurements of this quantity are assumed to agree with “two-way” ones according to a common synchronization convention
speed of light
26
This quantity does not depend on a similar quantity of a Kennedy–Thorndike apparatus
speed of light
27
Wick rotating this quantity yields a Euclidean metric when it is assigned “minus” in the signature
time
28
An invariant hyperbola whose major axis is vertical has intervals “like” this quantity
time
29
Einstein developed a standard for devices that measure this quantity so that they always give the same one-way speed of light
time
30
Muons reach Earth without decaying because they experience a decrease in this quantity in the atmosphere
time
31
Frank Wilczek theorized systems named for this variable that break a symmetry related to this variable
time
32
Physical laws are invariant under charge conjugation, parity transformation, and reversal of this variable
time
33
Replacing a vector quantity in this law with the gradient of a scalar gives Poisson’s equation
Gauss's Law
34
One formulation of this law gives rho-free in terms of the divergence of the D-field
Gauss's Law
35
Using this law, one can derive the formula “sigma over epsilon-nought” for an infinite sheet of charge by constructing a “pillbox"
Gauss's Law
36
This statement generalized for gravity states that the divergence of a gravitational field equals negative 4 pi times big G times density, a law which reduces to Poisson’s equation
Gauss's Law
37
This law, which equates the surface integral of E dot dS with Q over the permittivity of free space, is the first of Maxwell’s equations
Gauss's Law
38
A paradox associated with this law is exemplified by the rocking plates experiment, and explained microscopically using the radial component of the Lorentz force
Faraday's Law
39
This law is derived by taking the circulation of Lorentz’s law
Faraday's Law
40
Lenz’s law adds a negative sign to this law, which relates rate of change in magnetic flux to the EMF on a conductive loop
Faraday's Law
41
This law can be derived by taking a closed line integral of the Lorentz force
Faraday's Law
42
Substituting this law into the expression for work done by a particle in a betatron is used to derive the betatron condition
Faraday's Law
43
Substituting this law into the expression for work done by a particle in a betatron is used to derive the betatron condition
Faraday's Law
44
A duality of the U(1) (you-won) phase factor was used by Hiroyasu Kozumi to relate this law's predictions to that of a microscopic result, which Richard Feynman had noted were uniquely "two quite separate phenomena"
Faraday's Law
45
This law can be derived by taking a closed line integral of the Lorentz force
Faraday's Law
46
A paradox involving this law is resolved using motion relative to a return path in a laboratory frame in which two brushes are fixed on the rim of a spinning disc
Faraday's Law
47
Rather than friction, high-speed trains often use brakes exploiting a form of drag resulting from this law, which gives rise to eddy currents
Faraday's Law
48
In the only decay mode used to identify the Higgs boson that doesn’t involve the W or Z bosons, the Higgs decays into two of these particles
photons
49
The propagation of one of these particles forms virtual particle-antiparticle pairs which contribute to vacuum polarization
photons
50
The formulae for cross sections of the scattering between these bosons and other particles often have a term containing the fine structure constant times h-bar over m-sub-e times c
photons
51
If the energy of one of these particles exceeds 1.022 MeV (“Mega electron volts”), it can cause pair production
photons
52
These particles are represented by wavy lines in Feynman diagrams
photons
53
The startup PsiQuantum is attempting to utilize these particles to create fault-tolerant qubits
photons
54
Researchers at USTC are attempting to implement boson ("boh-zawn") sampling with these particles to prove quantum supremacy
photons
55
Wheeler's delayed-choice experiment tests if one of these particles "chooses" how to act in the presence of an experimental apparatus
photons
56
A single one of these particles becomes a pair of them in spontaneous parametric down- conversion
photons
57
Future actions seemingly affect past events in an experiment traditionally performed with these particles, the delayed choice quantum eraser
photons
58
These particles can be emitted from a nucleus without causing an impact on its source in "recoil-free emission" due to the Mössbauer effect
photons
59
Spontaneous parametric down-conversion splits a “pump” one of these particles into two of these particles that are entangled with perpendicular polarization
photons
60
These particles are observed in interferometer experiments
photons
61
This quantity is related to the number of particles times mean polarizability by the Lorentz-Lorenz equation
index of refraction
62
This quantity can be negative in left-handed metamaterials, as proposed by Victor Veselago
index of refraction
63
This quantity equals the square root of one plus the electric susceptibility by the Ewald–Oseen extinction theorem
index of refraction
64
An empirical formula for this quantity is a power series in “one over lambda squared” which is generalised by the Sellmeier equation
index of refraction
65
The Persian mathematician Ibn Sahl was the first to describe a law concerning this quantity
index of refraction
66
Rasmus Bartholin [bar-TOLE-in] observed this quantity's double form in calcite
index of refraction
67
Radiation pressure causes a runaway increase in this quantity for small astronomical bodies according to the YORP effect
angular momentum
68
In the Kepler problem, the centrifugal term of the effective potential is proportional to the square of this quantity, a fact which is derived by using this quantity to eliminate the rotational velocity in the expression for the total energy
angular momentum
69
Eigenfunctions (“EYE-gen-functions”) of an operator corresponding to the square of this quantity produce spherical harmonics
angular momentum
70
Momentum is crossed with this quantity in the expression for the LRL vector
angular momentum
71
The conservation of this quantity is implied by the areal (“air-ee-UL”) velocity being constant according to Kepler’s second law
angular momentum
72
This quantity divided by mass gives the Kerr parameter in the Kerr metric, which describes black holes for which this quantity is nonzero
angular momentum
73
A system with a rotationally symmetric Lagrangian conserves this quantity per Noether’s (“NUR-tuhʼs”) theorem
angular momentum
74
Negative values of this quantity for Earth's atmosphere tend to correspond to La Niña events
angular momentum
75
This quantity is quantised so must be equal to a half integer multiple of the reduced Planck’s constant
angular momentum
76
David Bohm rediscovered and extended this physicist’s work on a hidden variable theory of quantum mechanics called pilot-wave theory
Louis de Broglie
77
Bose gases will only obey Bose-Einstein statistics when a quantity named for this physicist is less than or equal to the cube root of the volume of the gas over the number of gas particles
Louis de Broglie
78
This man proposed that a particle’s momentum is equal to Planck’s constant divided by a wavelength named for him
Louis de Broglie
79
A molecular gas is classical if this quantity is much less than the cube root of inverse particle density
de Broglie wavelength
80
Entropy minus five-halves is proportional to the negative logarithm of this quantity cubed times N over V in the Sackur–Tetrode equation
de Broglie wavelength
81
Goldstone bosons have a value of zero for these two quantities
spin, mass
82
This mechanism is related to a "Mexican hat" potential energy curve that resembles a sombrero
Higgs mechanism
83
For a massless field, this quantity times helicity gives the Pauli–Lubanski pseudovector
(linear) momentum
84
The Ward identity states that the dot product of a photon’s scattering amplitude and a four-vector representing this quantity is zero
(linear) momentum
85
The time derivative of this quantity’s expectation value equals the negative expectation value of a scalar potential’s time derivative per Ehrenfest’s (AIR-en-fests) theorem
(linear) momentum
86
Differing values of this quantity for light in a medium caused the Abraham–Minkowski controversy
(linear) momentum
87
It’s not the Lagrangian, but the “action” coordinate is computed as a line integral [emphasize] of this quantity
(linear) momentum
88
The derivative of the Lagrangian with respect to a generalized coordinate gives this quantity’s “conjugate” version
(linear) momentum
89
In the usual phase space for a one-dimensional system, this quantity is plotted against position
(linear) momentum
90
Ehrenfest’s theorem relates the time derivative of the expectation of this quantity with potential energy
(linear) momentum
91
This quantity’s operator is equal to negative i times h-bar times the gradient
(linear) momentum
92
The memory system of the Atanasoff–Berry computer placed these devices on rotating drums in order to regenerate them once per second
capacitor
93
These devices are used to block DᐧC signals in AᐧC coupling
capacitor
94
Configurations like basket winding are used to minimize the degree to which wires act as these devices “parasitically"
capacitor
95
Because half of the energy input to these devices is dissipated as heat, they are described with the equation “U equals one-half Q V"
capacitor
96
In the 2000s, many aluminum versions of these devices exploded in their namesake "plague"
capacitor
97
Highstrength versions of these devices, which make use of Helmholtz double layers, are called their "super" type
capacitor
98
The time constant equals (*) resistance times the characteristic quantity of these devices, which equals relative permittivity times area over distance for a type of them shown as two parallel lines in circuit diagrams
capacitor
99
These devices are connected in parallel to the load in simple low-pass filters, as their reactance is inversely proportional to frequency
capacitor
100
Drawing a Gaussian surface in a system with one of these elements is a simple way to justify the displacement current of Ampère's law
capacitor
101
These elements decrease the reactance of a circuit because their voltage lags 90 degrees behind the current
capacitor
102
Tantalum and niobium pentoxide are frequently used to create high-efficiency types of these devices
capacitor
103
Putting one of these devices between two circuits can prevent the passage of (*) direct current, since these devices act as high-pass filters in series
capacitor
104
A form of these devices has a movable arm called a wiper connecting the input wire to a circular strip and shares a name with a type of voltage meter also called a potentiometer
resistor
105
On these devices’ labels, successive colors of the rainbow indicate increasing orders of magnitude for up to six colored bands
resistor
106
Radio-frequency types of these devices can be made with the Ayrton–Perry winding method
resistor
107
The MELF type of these devices are used over normal surface mount examples of them when higher performance is needed
resistor
108
Any two-terminal linear circuit can be simplified to an equivalent current source and one of these components according to Norton’s theorem
resistor
109
Three of these devices whose strengths are known, and one of them whose strength is not known, form a Wheatstone bridge
resistor
110
The thermal motion of electrons in these devices creates Johnson-Nyquist noise
resistor
111
The fluctuation-dissipation theorem predicts that these devices produce Johnson-Nyquist noise
resistor
112
A technique relating the derivative of total energy to the mean value of the partial derivative of the Hamiltonian and is named after this scientist and Hellmann
Richard Feynman
113
To expand the time-evolution operator, a sum of constructs named after this scientist can be used to represent a Dyson series
Richard Feynman
114
This physicist represented solutions to the Dirac equation in (1+1) spacetime dimensions using a checkerboard model, which he first published in a textbook written with Albert Hibbs
Richard Feynman
115
This scientist’s “trick” for single-variable integrals involves introducing a second variable and differentiating to simplify the integrand
Richard Feynman
116
This man's doctoral advisor once postulated to him in a phone call that there only exists one electron in the universe
Richard Feynman
117
This physicist discussed the possibility of manipulating single atoms in his lecture “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom"
Richard Feynman
118
In a talk that this scientist gave for an American Physical Society meeting, he proposed reversing the lenses of an electron microscope so that the entire Encyclopedia Britannica could be written on the head of a pin
Richard Feynman
119
To model high-energy collisions, this physicist proposed that hadrons consist of point-like entities known as partons
Richard Feynman
120
Loop integrals can be evaluated using this man’s namesake parameterization
Richard Feynman
121
In one book by this man, he recounts an episode where he discovers that “You just ask them?” and another story where he plays the frigideira in Brazil
Richard Feynman
122
This man later wrote of Six Easy Pieces and Six Not-So-Easy Pieces
Richard Feynman
123
This physicist demonstrated that the Brownian Ratchet did not actually exhibit perpetual motion
Richard Feynman
124
Smoluchowski and this physicist explained why a machine that uses Brownian motion to do work is impossible
Richard Feynman
125
his physicist’s namesake element would have atomic number 137, which he claimed, based on the Bohr model, would be the last physically possible element
Richard Feynman
126
This man and Gell-Mann explained the CP-violation of the weak force using a vector minus axial Lagrangian
Richard Feynman
127
This scientist names a law giving the force between two current-carrying wires as an iterated line
integral
Andre-Marie Ampere
128
This scientist’s right-hand grip rule predicts the direction of a magnetic field using the direction of one’s thumb.
Andre-Marie Ampere
129
A law formulated by this scientist was corrected with a displacement current term by James Clerk Maxwell
Andre-Marie Ampere
130
By analyzing a discovery by Hans Oersted, (“er-sted”), this physicist derived their namesake force law to describe how parallel current-carrying wires attract or repel each other
Andre-Marie Ampere
131
For massless particles, an equation named for this physicist equals the Weyl ("vile") equation
Paul Dirac
132
Solutions to an equation named for this physicist can be modeled by a random walk on Feynman's checkerboard
Paul Dirac
133
An equation named for this physicist rigorously accounted for the hydrogen atom's fine structure
Paul Dirac
134
In a potential named for this physicist, there is only one symmetric bound state wavefunction
Paul Dirac
135
He's not Pauli, but this physicist's gamma matrices act on spinors ("spinners")
Paul Dirac
136
Anti-commutation rules must be applied to quantize this physicist’s namesake field, since the anticommutator of this physicist’s namesake gamma matrices equals two times the metric tensor
Paul Dirac
137
In the non-relativistic limit, this scientist’s namesake equation reduces to the Pauli equation
Paul Dirac
138
This physicist sometimes names the interaction picture of quantum mechanics
Paul Dirac
139
This physicist developed a generalization of the Poisson bracket used when analyzing systems with second class constraints
Paul Dirac
140
This physicist posited that the existence of a magnetic monopole would be a sufficient condition for the quantization of charge
Paul Dirac
141
Applying an equation named for this man to electrons bouncing off a potential on the order of the electron mass leads to the Klein paradox
Paul Dirac
142
The difference in the number of left and right-handed modes in this man’s operator equals the topological charge in QCD according to the Atiyah-Singer index theorem
Paul Dirac
143
One consequence of a statement named for this physicist is that higher potential barriers are more transparent to relativistic electrons
Paul Dirac
144
our-component spinors appear in a relativistic wave equation named for this physicist
Paul Dirac
145
The existence of this force’s exchange particle was indicated by a three jet q q-bar bremsstrahlung detected by TASSO at PETRA
strong force
146
Particles stop interacting via this force above the Hagedorn temperature
strong force
147
This force is described by a set of eight independent matrices named for Murray Gell-Mann
strong force
148
This force is governed by a gauge theory whose symmetry group is SU(3) (“S-U-3”)
strong force
149
Like electromagnetism, this fundamental force experiences asymptotic freedom
strong force
150
The carriers of this force are represented as helices on Feynman diagrams and have eight possible states
strong force
151
The exchange of pions as predicted by Hideki Yukawa explains the "residual" form of this phenomenon.
strong force
152
This phenomenon’s effect is quantified by a tensor that includes a nonlinear term equal to the wedge product of the field A with itself, a feature that helps explain the OZI (“O-Z-I”) rule
strong force
153
This interaction was once studied using Regge theory, leading to a calculation which gave rise to the first string theory
strong force
154
The technique of stochastic cooling, used to collect anti-protons, was used in the UA1 and UA2 experiments which discovered the quanta of this phenomenon
weak force
155
In 1932, Enrico Fermi constructed a four-point interaction to model this thing, but it was found to break down at high energies
weak force
156
Although she was snubbed for the Nobel Prize, Chien-Shiung Wu conducted an experiment that proved that this force violates the conservation of parity
weak force
157
Spontaneous symmetry breaking in this interaction rotates a vector boson to a photonic field in a phenomenon parameterized by this interaction’s namesake mixing angle
weak force
158
Kobayashi and Maskawa predicted how CP violation for this force necessitates the existence of a third generation of quarks
weak force
159
Salam, Weinberg, and Glashow were awarded a Nobel Prize for unifying this force with electromagnetism
weak force
160
The group that describes this force can be shown to be simply connected using the “Plate trick"
weak force
161
The proton-proton cycle in the formation of alpha particles is mediated by this force
weak force
(Ask me to think hard about it if I don't get quickly)
162
The third component of an isospin named for this force can be combined with charge to give hypercharge eigenvalues, such that Y equals 2 times Q-T3
weak force
(Ask me to think hard about it if I don't get quickly)
163
unitary triangles
weak force
164
Books co-authored by this man include the kid's book George and the Unbreakable Code and an atheist tract co-written with Leonard Mlodinow ("muh-LOW-din-ov") titled The Grand Design
Stephen Hawking
165
This man formulated a "chronology protection conjecture" backed up by the evidence that "we have not been invaded by hordes of tourists from the future"
Stephen Hawking
166
This onetime spokesman for IBM presented a baseball encyclopedia to John Preskill and a gift subscription to Penthouse to Kip Thorne after losing highprofile bets
Stephen Hawking
167
This man's book On the Shoulders of Giants is a compilation of several classic works of physics along with biographies of five physicists
Stephen Hawking
168
Leonard Susskind wrote a book about a "Battle" with this man that includes a chapter about Alice's airplane, which has an endless number of compound propellers
Stephen Hawking
169
This man published a paper with Roger Penrose that argued the universe started with a singularity
Stephen Hawking
170
The chapter "Black Holes Ain't So Black" appears in a book by this man, who is also the namesake of the radiation emitted by black holes
Stephen Hawking
171
In natural units, a law named for this physicist includes the factor "one over the exponential of frequency over temperature, minus one"
Max Planck
172
Differentiating that equation named for this physicist shows that it peaks at about 2.8kT ("2.8 K T"), which leads to one form of Wien's ("VEE-uhns") displacement law
Max Planck
173
An equation named for this physicist converges to zero at high frequencies but reproduces the Rayleigh-Jeans law at low frequencies, which resolved the ultraviolet catastrophe by describing the spectrum of black-body radiation
Max Planck
174
With Adriaan Fokker, this scientist developed a partial differential equation which yields the time evolution of the probability density for species in Brownian motion
Max Planck
175
This scientist's namesake particle has a Compton wavelength equal to its Schwarzschild radius
Max Planck
176
This scientist formulated a statement of the second law of thermodynamics that's also named for Lord Kelvin
Max Planck
177
Dividing a quantity named for him by two pi “reduces” said quantity, which is cubed in the denominator of the Rydberg constant
Max Planck
178
The Langevin equation, a stochastic differential equation, is used with the Chapman-Kolmogorov identity to derive a partial differential equation describing the time evolution of the probability (*) density function that is named after Fokker and this man
Max Planck
179
A 2009 mission attempting to map the CMB was named for this man
Max Planck
180
This man sometimes names the earliest epoch, when quantum gravitational effects were significant
Max Planck
181
The successor of the WMAP is a spacecraft named for this man, who also names the time period preceding the grand unification epoch
Max Planck
182
A inversely proportional relationship between this constant and the Josephson and von Klitzing constants allows for its precise measurement using a Kibble balance
Planck's constant
183
A law for the spectral radiance from a blackbody contains a factor of “two times this constant times frequency cubed divided by speed of light squared”
Planck's constant
184
The shift in wavelength of a photon colliding with an electron is directly proportional to this constant divided by electron rest mass and speed of light in Compton scattering
Planck's constant
185
The time for a quantum state to evolve into an orthogonal state is at least this constant divided by quantity four times average energy
Planck's constant
186
The magnetic flux quantum equals this constant divided by twice the elementary charge
Planck's constant
187
his constant’s namesake originally described it as the “quantum of action” and discovered it while studying black-body radiation
Planck's constant
188
Precise measurements of this constant in 2017 will enable the kilogram SI unit to be physically defined for the first time
Planck's constant
189
The first energy level of a particle-in-a-box is this quantity squared over eight mL-squared
Planck's constant
190
It is multiplied by i to give the commutator between position and momentum
Planck's constant
191
The square of elementary charge times c times the magnetic constant, all divided by two times this quantity yields the fine structure constant
Planck's constant
192
A reduced form of this quantity divides it by two pi and is named for Dirac
Planck's constant
193
This constant is raised to the third power in the denominator of the definition of the Rydberg constant
Planck's constant
194
This scientist and a Swiss-American collaborator name a form of renormalization that involves introducing an auxiliary high mass field
Wolfgang Pauli
195
A term of “sigma dot p minus q A squared” plus “phi q” appears on the left side of a bra-ket in this scientist’s namesake equation, which modifies the Schrödinger equation to account for a particle’s spin in a field
Wolfgang Pauli
196
This physicist rederived Markus Fiersz’s formulation of the spin-statistics theorem
Wolfgang Pauli
197
A group named for this physicist over n qubits is normalized by the Clifford group
Wolfgang Pauli
198
This physicist originated the phrase “not even wrong” to describe unfalsifiable theories
Wolfgang Pauli
199
A set of two-by-two unitary Hermitian matrices named for this physicist are used to describe the coupling of spin to an external EM field
Wolfgang Pauli
200
This physicist is alphabetically-second in the name of a pseudovector that is squared to give a Casimir invariant describing total spin
Wolfgang Pauli
201
The SU(2) group is spanned by this physicist’s three spin matrices
Wolfgang Pauli
202
The Levi-Civita symbol, relativistic angular momentum tensor and four momentum operators combine to form a pseudovector named for this scientist and Lubanski
Wolfgang Pauli
203
This person’s namesake effect referred to the tendency of laboratory equipment to break in his presence.
Wolfgang Pauli
204
This man names an effect that arises in conductors whose bands are split by a magnetic field, resulting in a slight excess of spin in the lower band; that is his namesake paramagnetism
Wolfgang Pauli
205
A set of mathematical constructs named for this man are multiplied by i to give infinitesimal generators of the group SU(2); those constructs are used to explain the interaction of spin with electromagnetic fields in three dimensions
Wolfgang Pauli
206
This scientist proposed that the energy, momentum, and spin of beta decay could be conserved by the introduction of an additional particle: the neutrino
Wolfgang Pauli
207
One mathematical object named for this man is equivalent to an uncontrolled quantum NOT gate, and is one of three such objects that perform rotations on the Bloch sphere
Wolfgang Pauli
(Those objects are Pauli spinors)
208
This man names a non-Curie-law behavior that occurs when electrons near the Fermi level respond to an external field; that is his namesake paramagnetism
Wolfgang Pauli
209
A “force of attraction” not caused by any of the four fundamental forces results when this statement does not apply to identical particles
Pauli Exclusion Principle
210
This statement is used to derive the momentum space density of particles in a Fermi gas
Pauli Exclusion Principle
211
The particles to which this statement applies are determined by the spin-statistics theorem
Pauli Exclusion Principle
212
While this statement is not obeyed by the Hartree product, it can be obeyed by linear combinations such as the Slater determinant
Pauli Exclusion Principle
213
This statement implies the existence of Fermi surfaces and the Fermi energy, which prevent the collapse of white dwarfs via electron degeneracy pressure
Pauli Exclusion Principle
214
The validity of this principle has been tested at the Gran Sasso lab by the VIP collaboration
Pauli Exclusion Principle
215
When this statement holds, the two-point correlation function of non-interacting particles has a “hole” at zero separation
Pauli Exclusion Principle
216
Ehrenfest posited that this result is what gives matter volume, since it prevents atoms from being placed too close together
Pauli Exclusion Principle
217
This scientist is the first alphabetical namesake of a dispersion formula that calculates the cross-section for a photon scattering by an atomic electron
Werner Heisenberg
218
With Euler, this scientist is the namesake of a Lagrangian that describes photon-photon scattering in QED
Werner Heisenberg
219
Coherent states that saturate one of this scientist’s namesake statements are “squeezed"
Werner Heisenberg
220
State vectors are time-independent, while operators evolve over time in this scientist’s namesake “picture” of quantum mechanics
Werner Heisenberg
221
A relation formulated by this scientist inspired Weyl to develop the Weyl algebra
Werner Heisenberg
222
An equation of motion named after this scientist states that the commutator of an operator with the Hamiltonian equals i h-bar times its time derivative
Werner Heisenberg
223
One flawed thought experiment devised by this physicist used a gamma ray microscope and classical optics to demonstrate his most well known statement
Werner Heisenberg
224
One statement by this scientist was generalised by Robertson as one half of the magnitude of the commutator of two operators
Werner Heisenberg
225
Max Born and Pascal Jordan developed the Matrix formulation of Quantum Mechanics along with this physicist
Werner Heisenberg
226
This scientist used his knowledge of Greek to suggest the name of the meson to Hideki Yukawa to replace the etymologically suspect “mesotron
Werner Heisenberg
227
This man names a quantum mechanical generalization of the Ising model that uses Pauli matrices to describe interacting spins
Werner Heisenberg
228
This man names a quantum mechanical generalization of the Ising model that uses Pauli matrices to describe interacting spins
Werner Heisenberg
229
Wavefunctions are time-independent while operators acquire time dependence in this man’s picture of quantum mechanics
Werner Heisenberg
230
This scientist names an exchange hamiltonian which is not restricted to nearest neighbours, used in the study of Ferromagnets
Werner Heisenberg
231
States with a value for this quantity below that of the ground state have elliptical phase space distributions that appear “squeezed"
Uncertainty
232
Hermann Weyl (“vile”) and Earle Kennard provided the first rigorous proof of this statement
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
233
The Robertson inequality generalizes this statement that applies to a pair of variables that satisfy a canonical commutation relation
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
234
Coherent states fulfill the lower bound outlined by this statement
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
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An analog of this statement named for Dennis Gabor predicts a bound of 80 millicycles
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
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This statement predicts that the zero-point energy of the quantum harmonic oscillator isn’t zero and that virtual particles have limited lifetime
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
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This statement was discovered due to the non-commutativity of matrices
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
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It was discovered at Niels Bohr’s institute, and first laid out in a letter to Wolfgang Pauli
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
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This statement is equivalent mathematically to the statement that a function and its Fourier transform cannot both be highly localized
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
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This statement applies to observables that do not commute because they are Fourier transforms of each other, meaning they are conjugate variables
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
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Shorter-lived quantum states have wider spectral width according to this principle’s energy-time variant
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
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In a proposed thought experiment intended to debunk this statement, a mirrored box instantaneously releases a single photon
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
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Robertson’s inequality is a generalization of this statement, which implies that systems must have a non-zero energy in their ground state
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
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Any set of variables that obeys a (*) canonical commutation relation must obey this statement, which says that the product of two standard deviations must be greater than or equal to one-half the reduced Planck constant
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
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In 2021, Ye et al. verified this phenomenon by creating an optical lattice of 100,000 strontium atoms and measuring how they maintained coherence for 37 seconds
time dilation
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A pair of airplanes were used to observe two types of this phenomenon in the Hafele-Keating experiment
time dilation
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A phenomenon caused by this effect was first experimentally confirmed by firing radio pulses at Venus and is named for Irwin Shapiro
time dilation
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Rossi and Hall’s verification of this phenomenon found a much larger concentration of muons in the lower atmosphere than expected
time dilation
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In 2022, Jun Ye’s group detected a form of this phenomenon over a distance of just 1 millimeter in ultracold strontium
time dilation
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The strong equivalence principle implies both gravitational redshift and the gravitational form of this phenomenon, which was measured on a pair of airplanes in the Hafele–Keating experiment
time dilation
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To calculate a current named for this phenomenon, John Bardeen used a time-dependent perturbation in his transfer Hamiltonian method
quantum tunneling
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Fowler and Nordheim modeled field emission using this phenomenon, which causes Esaki diodes to exhibit a negative differential resistance
quantum tunneling
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In a Nobel-Prize-winning device developed by Binning and Rohrer, electrons undergo this phenomenon to induce a current in a conducting microscope tip
quantum tunneling
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In an alpha decay theory posited by George Gamow, helium nuclei undergo this phenomenon to escape Coulombic interactions, meaning there is a nonzero wavefunction outside of a finite square well
quantum tunneling
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A magnetoresistive effect named for this phenomenon is the operating principle of MTJs
quantum tunneling
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A form of this phenomenon used to erase NOR flash memory chips is the mechanism for field emission
quantum tunneling
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A device exploiting this phenomenon is run in either constant-current or constant-height mode
quantum tunneling
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Airy functions are used to connect oscillatory solutions to evanescent solutions corresponding to this process at classical turning points in the WKB approximation
quantum tunneling
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Binnig and Rohrer developed a technique which applies a bias voltage to induce this phenomenon as a sharp tip moves over a surface
quantum tunneling
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