Physics

Question 1

What is heat?

Answer 1

A form of energy transferred between substances due to a temperature difference.

Units: Joules (J)

Question 2

What is temperature?

Answer 2

A measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in a substance.

Units: Degrees Celsius (°C) or Kelvin (K)

Question 3

What is thermal equilibrium?

Answer 3

When two objects reach the same temperature and no heat flows between them.

Question 4

What is conduction?

Answer 4

Heat transfer that occurs in solids through particle collisions and vibrations.

Question 5

What are good conductors?

Answer 5

• Metals (e.g., copper, aluminum)

Question 6

What are insulators?

Answer 6

• Wood
• Plastic

Question 7

What is convection?

Answer 7

Heat transfer that occurs in fluids (liquids and gases) where warm fluid rises and cool fluid sinks.

Question 8

What is radiation?

Answer 8

Transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves (infrared radiation) that can occur in a vacuum.

Question 9

What factors increase evaporation?

Answer 9

• Higher temperature
• Lower humidity
• Increased surface area
• Air movement

Question 10

What is condensation?

Answer 10

The process where gas turns into liquid as gas particles lose energy.

Question 11

What is specific heat capacity?

Answer 11

The amount of energy needed to raise 1 kg of a substance by 1°C.

Question 12

What is the formula for specific heat capacity?

Answer 12

Q = mcΔT

Q = heat energy (J), m = mass (kg), c = specific heat capacity (J/kg°C), ΔT = temperature change (°C)

Question 13

What is latent heat?

Answer 13

Energy required to change the state of 1 kg of a substance without changing its temperature.

Question 14

What types of latent heat are there?

Answer 14

• Latent heat of fusion (solid ↔ liquid)
• Latent heat of vaporization (liquid ↔ gas)

Question 15

What is the formula for latent heat?

Answer 15

Q = mL

L = specific latent heat (J/kg)

Question 16

What is electric current?

Answer 16

The flow of electric charge through a conductor.

Question 17

What is the unit of electric current?

Answer 17

Amperes (A)

Question 18

What is the formula for electric current?

Answer 18

I = Q / t

Q = charge (C), t = time (s)

Question 19

What is potential difference (voltage)?

Answer 19

Energy transferred per unit charge.

Question 20

What is the unit of potential difference?

Answer 20

Volts (V)

Question 21

What is the formula for potential difference?

Answer 21

V = E / Q

E = energy (J), Q = charge (C)

Question 22

What is resistance?

Answer 22

Opposition to the flow of electric current.

Question 23

What is the unit of resistance?

Answer 23

Ohms (Ω)

Question 24

What is Ohm’s Law?

Answer 24

V = IR

V = potential difference (V), I = current (A), R = resistance (Ω)

Question 25

What factors affect resistance?

Answer 25

* Length of wire (longer = more resistance) * Cross-sectional area (thinner = more resistance) * Temperature (higher = more resistance) * Material (e.g., copper vs. nichrome)

Question 26

What characterizes series circuits?

Answer 26

* Current is the same through all components. * Voltage is divided among components. * Total resistance = R₁ + R₂ + R₃ + ...

Question 27

What characterizes parallel circuits?

Answer 27

* Voltage is the same across all branches. * Current divides between branches. * 1/R total = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + 1/R₃ + ...

Question 28

What is a magnetic field?

Answer 28

Region around a magnet where magnetic forces are experienced.

Question 29

What are field lines in a magnetic field?

Answer 29

Lines that go from the north to the south pole; closer lines indicate a stronger field.

Question 30

What is the direction of an electric field?

Answer 30

From positive to negative charge.

Question 31

What is the motor effect?

Answer 31

A current-carrying wire in a magnetic field experiences a force.

Question 32

What is electromagnetic induction?

Answer 32

Moving a conductor through a magnetic field induces a current.

Question 33

What is AC (Alternating Current)?

Answer 33

Current that changes direction periodically.

Question 34

What is DC (Direct Current)?

Answer 34

Current that flows in one direction.

Question 35

What is power in electrical terms?

Answer 35

Rate of energy transfer.

Question 36

What is the formula for power?

Answer 36

P = IV ## Footnote I = current (A), V = potential difference (V)

Question 37

What is the role of power stations?

Answer 37

Convert energy sources (fossil fuels, nuclear, wind) into electricity.

Question 38

What is the purpose of transformers?

Answer 38

* Step-up: Increase voltage, reduce current to minimize energy loss. * Step-down: Decrease voltage for safe domestic use.

Question 39

What does Hubble's Law state?

Answer 39

Galaxies are moving away from us; greater distance = greater redshift = faster recession.

Question 40

What is the life cycle of a star?

Answer 40

* Nebula * Protostar * Main Sequence Star * Red Giant/Supergiant * White Dwarf or Supernova * Neutron Star or Black Hole

Question 41

What are natural satellites?

Answer 41

Moons, such as the Moon.

Question 42

What are artificial satellites used for?

Answer 42

* Communication * GPS * Weather monitoring

Question 43

What is the Big Bang theory?

Answer 43

The universe began ~13.8 billion years ago from a singularity and is still expanding.

Question 44

What evidence supports the Big Bang theory?

Answer 44

* Redshift * Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMB)

Question 45

What is the structure of the exam?

Answer 45

* Section A: Multiple Choice (10–20 questions) * Section B: Short Answer * Section C: Calculations * Section D: Data Interpretation * Section E: Extended Response (if applicable)

Question 46

What should you remember about writing units in the exam?

Answer 46

Always write units in SI; otherwise, marks will be lost.

Question 47

What is important about using scientific vocabulary in the exam?

Answer 47

Use proper scientific vocabulary; correct answers without proper terminology will not receive marks.

Question 48

What strategy should be used for time management in the exam?

Answer 48

Manage time wisely; do criterion D first.