Physics A-LEVEL Flashcards
(136 cards)
1
Q
What is a nucleon?
A
the particles found in the nucleus - protons and neutrons
2
Q
What is the nucleon number?
A
number of protons and neutrons
3
Q
What is the definition of nuclide notation?
A
shows summary of information about the atomic structure
4
Q
What is the proton number?
A
the number of protons in the nucleus
5
Q
What is the charge of a proton?
A
+1 (GCSE)<br></br>+1.6x10-19 (A-LEVEL)
6
Q
What is the mass of a proton?
A
1.67x10*-27
7
Q
What is the charge of a neutron?
A
0
8
Q
What is the mass of a neutron?
A
1.67x10*-27
9
Q
What is the charge of an electron?
A
-1 (GCSE)<br></br>-1.6x10*-19 (A-LEVEL)
10
Q
What is an isotope?
A
Isotopes are atoms of the same element but have the <b>same</b> number of protons but <b>different </b>number of neutrons
11
Q
What will happen to the proton and nucleon number of an isotope?
A
- the proton number will stay the same <br></br>-the nucleon number will be different
12
Q
What is the definition of specific charge?
A
the ratio of the charge of an ion or subatomic particle to its sub-atomic particle: charge-mass ratio
13
Q
What is the formula for specific charge?
A
Specific charge = <b>charge/mass</b>
14
Q
What is the formula of specific charge (detail)?
A
specific charge = (+1.6x10-19) <b>x no.protons</b>/(1.67x10-27)<b>x nucleon number</b>
15
Q
What are the four interactions?
A
<ul><li>Electromagnetic interaction - causes an attractive and repulsive force between charges</li><li>Gravitational interaction - causes attractive forces between masses</li><li>Strong nuclear interaction - causes attractive and repulsive forces between quarks (so hadrons)</li><li>Weak nuclear interaction - does not cause force however makes particles decay</li></ul>
16
Q
what type of interaction effects protons and neutrons?
A
strong nuclear
17
Q
what type of interaction effects charged particles
A
electromagnetic
18
Q
what is the distance between nucleons measured in?
A
fentometers (fm)
19
Q
what is 1fm equal to in m?
A
1x10-15
20
Q
For strong nuclear force when is it repulsive?
A
Repulsive at separations of nucleons less than 0.5fm
21
Q
when is there a strong attraction for the nuclear force?
A
there is a strong attraction between 0.5fm-3fm
22
Q
For electromagnetic force when is it always repulsive?
A
always repulsive from 1fm
23
Q
what happens during alpha decay?
A
an alpha particle is released (<b>2 protons + 2 neutrons</b>) from the nucleus as the nucleus is too large for the forces to hold nucleons in place
24
Q
what effect does alpha decay have on the proton number?
A
the proton number <b>decreases by two</b>
25
what effect does alpha decay have on the nucleon number?
nucleon number decreases by 4
26
what happens during beta-minus decay?
nucleus is unstable and a neutron changes into a proton - a beta particle is released (electron) and an electron anti-neutrino
27
what is the definition of a photon?
photons are em waves that can only exist in wave packets of energy
28
what is the equation for energy carried by a photon?
E = hf
- E = energy (J)
- h = Planck's constant (Js)
- f = frequency (Hz)
29
what is another equation for energy carried by photon involving wavelength?
E = hc/wavelength
E = energy (J)
h = Plancks constant
c = speed of light (m/s)
E = energy (J)
h = Plancks constant
c = speed of light (m/s)
30
what is the value of Plancks constant?
6.63 x10-34
31
what is the value of speed of light?
3x10*8
32
what is an electronvolt?
an electronvolt is the amount of energy gained by an electron as it accelerates through a potential difference of 1 volt
33
how to convert between 1ev to J?
x1.6x10-19
34
how to convert between J to eV?
divide by 1.6x10-19
35
what is matter and antimatter?
for every particle there will be its antimatter for example the antimatter of a proton is antiproton
36
what are the properties of antimatter?
- opposite charge
- same mass
- same rest energy
37
what is the antiparticle of a proton and its charge?
antiproton
-1
-1
38
what is the antiparticle of a neutron and its charge?
antineutron
0
0
39
what is the antiparticle of an electron and its charge?
positron
+1
+1
40
what is the antiparticle of a neutrino and its charge?
antineutrino
0
0
41
what is the definition of pair production?
when energy is converted into mass you get equal amount of matter and antimatter
42
what happens during pair production?
a single photon of energy is converted into a particle-antiparticle pair
43
what happens to the left over energy in pair production?
the leftover energy is converted into kinetic energy (momentum)
44
what happens during annihilation?
annihilation occurs when a particle and its antiparticle meet and mass is coverted into energy in which the particle and antiparticle are transformed into two photons of energy
45
why are two photons of energy produced in annihilation?
one photon for rest energy
one photon for momentum
one photon for momentum
46
how is minumum energy calculated?
2 x particle rest energy
47
what are quarks?
quarks are smaller particles with fractional charge which are contained in protons and neutrons
48
what does it mean when quarks are fundamental?
fundamental means the quarks are not made of anything smaller
49
what are the three types of quarks?
d - down
u - up
s - strange
u - up
s - strange
50
what are the three properties might quark will have?
charge
baryon number
strangeness
baryon number
strangeness
51
what will the charge, BN and strangeness be for an antiquark?
they will all be the opposite
52
what is the quark composition of a proton?
uud
53
what is the quark composition of a neutron?
udd
54
what are hadrons?
hadrons are a type of particle which are heavy and made from smaller particles
55
what are the two categories of hadrons?
- Baryons - made up of 3 quarks (or 3 antiquarks)
- Mesons - made of 2 quarks: one matter and one antimatter
56
what are examples of baryons?
protons and neutrons
57
what are examples of mesons?
kaons and pions
58
What is a scalar
## Footnote
A quantity with only magnitude
True
59
What is a vector
## Footnote
a quantity that has both magnitude and direction
True
60
Scalar example
## Footnote
speed and distance
True
61
vector example
## Footnote
displacement, velocity, acceleration
True
62
What is a moment
## Footnote
The turning effect of a force
True
63
Moment calculation
## Footnote
Moment = force x perpendicular distance from pivot
True
64
What is the principle of moments
## Footnote
sum of clockwise moments = sum of anticlockwise moments
True
65
What is the centre of mass
## Footnote
The point at which the mass of the object may be thought to be concentrated
True
66
How to calculate centre of mass
## Footnote
For a uniform solid it is at its centre
else you use a plumbob True
else you use a plumbob True
67
What is a couple
## Footnote
A pair of equal and opposite forces acting on an object with different lines of action.
True
68
SUVAT equations
## Footnote
s = ut + 1/2at^2
s = (u+v)/2*t
v = u + at
v^2 = u^2 + 2as True
s = (u+v)/2*t
v = u + at
v^2 = u^2 + 2as True
69
What is a distance time graph
## Footnote
A plot of distance against time, the gradient of which is a measure of the object's speed- the steeper the slope, the greater the speed.
True
70
How does a distance time graph work
## Footnote
True
71
What is the gradient of a distance time graph
## Footnote
speed
True
72
Distance time graph of bouncing ball
## Footnote
True
73
What is a velocity time graph
## Footnote
A plot of velocity against time, the gradient of which gives the object's acceleration. Because velocity is involved, one axis can have negative values.
True
74
How does a velocity time graph work
## Footnote
True
75
Gradient of velocity time graph
## Footnote
acceleration
True
76
area under velocity time graph
## Footnote
displacement
True
77
Velocity time graph of bouncing ball
## Footnote
- Velocity-time graph:
The velocity graph has two main parts. The first is ALWAYS DECREASING due to gravity's negative acceleration. The second part is positive and occurs once the ball has hit the ground and is rebounding.
* The gradient of line line provides the acceleration of the ball.
* The area idea the graph provides the displacement.
True
The velocity graph has two main parts. The first is ALWAYS DECREASING due to gravity's negative acceleration. The second part is positive and occurs once the ball has hit the ground and is rebounding.
* The gradient of line line provides the acceleration of the ball.
* The area idea the graph provides the displacement.
78
What is projectile motion
## Footnote
the curved path that an object follows when thrown, launched, or otherwise projected near the surface of Earth
True
79
How to calculate projectile motion
## Footnote
split the values into horizontal and vertical values
Do SUVAT to get different values
True
Do SUVAT to get different values
80
General rules for projectile motion
## Footnote
Acceleration for vertical is always g
Time is the same for both v and h
for vertical v is often 0 (thrown objects that land)
for horizontal acceleration is often 0
when an object is thrown up acceleration is -ve True
Time is the same for both v and h
for vertical v is often 0 (thrown objects that land)
for horizontal acceleration is often 0
when an object is thrown up acceleration is -ve True
81
What is friction
## Footnote
A force that opposes motion
True
82
How to calculate friction
## Footnote
you can use f=ma to get the force and then take off any forces that arent friction
True
83
What is a drag force
## Footnote
the force opposing the motion of an object due to fluid flowing past the object as it moves
True
84
Examples of drag force
## Footnote
Air resistance and friction
True
85
Drag force rules
## Footnote
Are always in the opposite direction to the motion of the object
Never speed an object up or start them moving
Slow down an object or keeps them moving at a constant speed
Convert kinetic energy into heat and sound
True
86
What is lift
## Footnote
force acting on a body in a fluid in a direction perpendicular to the fluid flow
True
87
What affects friction
## Footnote
1) The type of surface
2) How hard the two surfaces are pressing together True
2) How hard the two surfaces are pressing together True
88
What is air resistance
## Footnote
the force that opposes the motion of objects through air
True
89
air resistance rule
## Footnote
it increases with the speed of an object
True
90
what other things affect air resistance
## Footnote
Cross-sectional area
Shape
Altitude
Temperature
Humidity True
Shape
Altitude
Temperature
Humidity True
91
How is a plane designed to get less air resistance
## Footnote
stream lined shape
True
92
How does air resistance affect projectile motion
## Footnote
True
Air resistance decreases the horizontal component of the velocity of a projectileThis means both its range and maximum height is decreased compared to no air resistance
93
What is terminal velocity
## Footnote
the greatest velocity a falling object reaches
True
94
How does a falling object reach terminal velocity?
## Footnote
When it first falls the only force acting is it weight
So the object will accelerate due to gravity and speed up fast
but air resistance will increase as speed does
As air resistance the acceleration decreases (f=ma)
So air resistance eventually becomes equal to weight and the object cannot accelerate as resultant force is 0N
It has reached terminal velocity
True
So the object will accelerate due to gravity and speed up fast
but air resistance will increase as speed does
As air resistance the acceleration decreases (f=ma)
So air resistance eventually becomes equal to weight and the object cannot accelerate as resultant force is 0N
It has reached terminal velocity
95
How is a skydiver opening a parachute represented on a graph
## Footnote
True
96
What is newtons first law
## Footnote
An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
True
97
What is Newton's second law?
## Footnote
Force = mass x acceleration
True
98
What is newtons second law in words
## Footnote
resultant force on an object is equal to its change in momentum
True
99
what is a resultant force
## Footnote
The overall force on a point or object
True
100
How to calculate resultant force
## Footnote
subtract the magnitude of the smaller force from the magnitude of the larger force
True
101
What is newtons third law
## Footnote
For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
True
102
What does newtons third law mean
## Footnote
It means that every force has a paired equal and opposite force
Newton’s Third Law force pairs must act on two different objects
Newton’s Third Law force pairs must also be of the same type e.g. gravitational or frictional
True
103
Newtons second law equation with momentum
## Footnote
mass x change in v/ time
True
104
What is momentum
## Footnote
The product of an object's mass and velocity
True
105
What is linear momentum
## Footnote
An object's mass times its velocity. Measures the amount of motion in a straight line.
True
106
Momentum equation
## Footnote
p=mv
True
107
Is momentum a vector or scalar
## Footnote
vector
True
108
SI unit for momentum
## Footnote
kg m/s
True
109
What is external force
## Footnote
Forces that act on a structure from outside e.g. friction and weight
True
110
What is internal force
## Footnote
forces exchanged by the particles in the system e.g. tension in a string
True
111
What do you call a system that has no external forces
## Footnote
a closed system
True
112
What is the principal of conservation of momentum
## Footnote
The total momentum before a collision = the total momentum after a collision provided no external force acts
True
113
How does the principal work
## Footnote
If you dive of a boat into water, you will move forward but the boat will also move back a bit
True
114
What is force
## Footnote
rate of change of momentum
True
115
Force equation
## Footnote
F= change in momentum/ change in time
True
116
What happens when an objects collides with a wall and stops
## Footnote
It will receive an equal and opposite force from the wall
True
117
How to calculate force of the car after being hit by wall
## Footnote
Work out initial momentum using P=m x v
Work out final momentum too
work out change in momentum
use F=∆p/∆t to get force True
Work out final momentum too
work out change in momentum
use F=∆p/∆t to get force True
118
What is impulse
## Footnote
change in momentum
True
119
Impulse equation
## Footnote
impulse = force x time
True
120
Impulse alt equation
## Footnote
I = mass x Final velocity - mass x initial velocity
True
121
When is this equation used
## Footnote
when force is constant
True
122
Impulse unti
## Footnote
Newtons
True
123
How does impulse affect force and time
## Footnote
A small force acting over a long time has the same affect as a large force acting over a short time
True
124
impulse examples
## Footnote
A car having air bags to increase the time it takes for someone to hit their head etc so they experience less of a force
True
125
what is work done
## Footnote
A transfer of energy, as a result of a force acting on an object. If the work is done on an object, it gains energy; if the work is done by an object, it loses energy. The total amount of energy remains the same (it is conserved).
True
126
work done equation
## Footnote
force x distance moved in direction of force
True
127
What is the rate of work equal to
## Footnote
rate of energy transfer
True
128
Power work and time equation
## Footnote
power = work done over time taken
True
129
Power force and velocity equation
## Footnote
P = Fv
True
130
What is efficiency
## Footnote
the ratio of output work to input work
True
131
What is GPE
## Footnote
Gravitational Potential Energy- the energy created by the work done on an object being lifted. It has the potential to do work.
True
132
What is GPE equation
## Footnote
GPE=mgh
True
133
What is kinetic energy
## Footnote
energy of motion
True
134
KE equation
## Footnote
1/2mv^2
True
135
What happens to energy as an object falls
## Footnote
GPE gets transferred into kinetic energy
True
136
What is the conservation of energy
## Footnote
a principle stating that energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can be altered from one form to another.
True
