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Year 10 (2022-23) > Physics Final Exam: big pack > Flashcards

Physics Final Exam: big pack Flashcards

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1
Q

Speed:

A

->the distance travelled per unit time
-if something is changing, it’s accelerating (near the Earth it is constant)
average speed = total distance/total time
s (m/s) = d (m) /t (s)

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2
Q

Velocity:

A

->speed in a given direction

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3
Q

Acceleration:

A

->change in velocity per unit time
acceleration = change in velocity/time taken
a (m/s^2)= v (m/s) -u/t (s)

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4
Q

Equation for the final speed:

A

(final speed)^2 = (initial speed)^2 + (2 x acceleration x distance)
v^2 = u^2 +2as

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5
Q

Distance-time graphs:

A

-the gradient is velocity
-negative gradient = returning back to the starting point
-a horizontal line = stationary
-if the distance = 0, it is back at the starting point
-curved line = velocity is changing, and it is accelerating

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6
Q

Velocity time-graphs:

A

-the gradient is acceleration
-negative gradient = deceleration
-if speed = 0, it is at rest
-horizontal line = constant speed
-area under the line = distance travelled
-curved line = acceleration is changing

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7
Q

Vectors:

A

have magnitude and direction

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8
Q

Scalars:

A

have just magnitude

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9
Q

Examples of scalar quiantities:

A

distance, speed, time, energy…

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10
Q

Examples of vector quantities:

A

displacement, velocity, acceleration, force

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11
Q

Effects of forces:

A

-Forces can change the speed, shape or direction of a body (measures in newtons (N))
eg: gravitational, electrostatic

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12
Q

Friction:

A

forces between two surfaces which impedes motion and results in heating
eg: air resistance is a form of friction

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13
Q

How to find the resultant force:

A

-add together if in the same direction
-subtracted if in the opposite direction

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14
Q

Newton’s first law:

A

States that an object has a constant velocity unless acted on by a resultant force

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15
Q

Newton’s second law:

A

force = mass x acceleration
f=ma

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16
Q

Mass & Weight:

A

-measure of how much matter is in an object, measured in kg
-weight is a gravitational force (the effect of a gravitational field on a mass)
weight = mass x gravitational field strength
W = mg
-gfs on Earth is 10N/kg

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17
Q

Terminal velocity:

A

-Initially, there is no air resistance and the only force acting on it is weight
-As it falls, it accelerates which increases its speed and hence air resistance
-This causes the resultant force downwards to decrease
-Therefore, the acceleration decreases
-Eventually they are equal, opposite and balance so there is no resultant force
-So, there is no acceleration and the terminal velocity is reached

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18
Q

Deformation:

A

-elastic deformation is when the object returns to its original shape when the load has been removed
eg: a spring being stretched

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19
Q

Hooke’s Law:

A

states that for a spring, F = kx where F is the force applied to the spring, k is the spring constant, and x is the extension

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20
Q

What does Linear and Non-Linear represent in a Hooke’s Law diagram?

A

Linear (straight line) force extension graph: -Elastic deformation following Hooke’s law:
-the point it stops being linera is called the limit of proportionality. From then on, it does not obey Hooke’s Law, and gradient becomes k

Non Linear (curved line) force extension graph:
-Deformation not following Hooke’s Law
-After this region, it will fracture

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21
Q

General waves properties:

A

-transfer energy and information without transferring matter
-the particles oscillate (vibrate) about a fixed point

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22
Q

Transverse waves:

A

-have peaks and troughs
-vibrations are perpendicular to the direction of travel
-eg: light

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23
Q

Longitudinal waves:

A

-consists of compressions (particles pushed together) and rarefractions (particles moved apart)
-vibrations are in the same direction as the direction of travel
-eg: sound

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24
Q

Amplitude:

A

the distance from the equilibrium position to the maximum displacement

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25
Wavefront:
the front of a wave, or the same point on each wave
26
Frequency:
-the number of waves passing through a point per second -frequency of a wave is equal to the reciprocal of the time period -measured in Hertz (Hz): frequency = 1/time period f = 1/t
27
Wavelength:
The distance between two adjacent peaks on a wave
28
Time period:
the time taken for one complete wave to pass a point
29
Speed of wave:
speed = frequency x wavelength v = f x λ
30
The Doppler Effect:
-if a wave source is moving towards to an observer, there will be a change in the observed frequency and wavelength due to the Doppler effect -this is because wavefronts either get bunched together or spaced apart eg: a siren of an ambulance is high-pitched as it approaches you, and low-pitched as it goes away
31
Reflection:
-all waves can be reflected when they travel from a medium of low optical density (such as air) to one much higher optical density (such as glass) -the law of reflection says: angle of incidence = angle of reflection -frequency, wavelength, and speed are all unchanged
32
Refraction:
-all waves can be refracted, which is when the speed of a wave changes when it enters a new medium -if the wave enters a denser medium, its speed decreases and it bends towards the normal -if the wave enters a less dense medium, its speed increases and it bends away from the normal -in all cases, the frequency stays the same but the wavlength changes. As a result, the velocity must change
33
Electromagnetic waves + spectrum:
-travel at the speed of light in vacuum -can be reflected, refracted or diffracted -speed = 3x10 (to the power of 8) m/s (waves) RMIVUXG low frequency-> high frequency + energy longer wavelength<-shorter wavelength
34
Radio waves:
-red used for radio and television communications -long wavelength and are reflected by the ionosphere
35
Microwaves:
-orange used for satellite transmissions and in cooking -as they have a greater frequency (shorter wavelength) they are more penetrating so can pass through the ionosphere and penetrate deep into food -can cause internal heating of body tissues-use an oven
36
Infrared radiation:
-yellow used in heaters and night vision equipment -can cause skin burns - protective clothing
37
Visible light:
-green used in fibre optics and photography
38
Ultraviolet light: fl
-blue used in fluorescent lamps -can cause damage to surface cells and blindness - sunscreen + sun glasses
39
X-Rays:
-indigo -used to observe internal structures of objects and materials + medical applications
40
Gamma radiation:
-violet used in in sterilising food and medical equipment can cause: cancer, mutation - led, concrete
41
Light:
transverse waves and can be reflected and refracted
42
Reflection of light: can be shown
can be shown when light reflects at a plane mirror and froms an image -this can be represented by a ray diagram
43
What is the critical angle?
The angle of incidence which causes the angle of reflection to be 90º so that the light refracts onto the boundary < c.a = reflection > c.a = refraction refractive index = 1/ sin(critical angle) n = 1/ sin(c)
44
Total Internal reflection:
-when the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle, light is totally reflected within the same medium -the light must also be travelling from a more optically dense medium into a less optically dense medium (eg: glass to air) -light will keep reflecting
45
Optical fibres:
-used to transfer information by light, even when bent -they are used extensively in medicines and communications
46
Sound:
longitudinal waves can be reflected and refracted -the range of audible frequencies for a healthy human ear is 20 Hz to 20000 Hz
47
Speed of sound:
1. make a noise 2.Record time for the echo 3. Use average speed formula (distance x 2 bc it's going back and forth)
48
Oscilloscope:
an oscilloscope connected to a microphone can be used to display a sound wave and find its the frequency and amplitude -greater amplitude of sound wave = the louder it is -greater the frequency of a sound wave = higher pitch
49
Energy transfers: (8)
chemical, kinetic, gravitational, elastic, thermal, magnetic, electrostatic and nuclear
50
Mechanically:
e.g. when gravity accelerates an object and gives it kinetic energy
51
Electrically:
e.g. when a current passes through a lamp and it emits light and heat
52
By heating:
e.g. when a fire is used to heat up an object
53
By radiation:
when an object emits electromagnetic radiation
54
Energy:
is always conserved, total energy before = total energy after efficiency = useful energy output/total energy input x 100% -sankey diagrams can be used to represent the transfer of input energy into useful energy and wasted energy
55
Conduction:
-main method of thermal energy transfer in solids -metals are extremely good at conducting heat -non-metals are poor at conducting heat whilst liquids and gases are extremely poor (insulators) -substance is heated, then atoms start to vibrate more and bump into each other-transferring energy from atom to atom -delocalised electrons can collide with atoms helping to transfer vibrations through material and heat better
56
Convection:
-main way that heat travels through liquids and gases (can't in solids) -when a fluid (a liquid or a gas) is heated: -molecules push eachother apart- making fluid expand -this makes the hot fluid less dense than the surroundings -hot fluid rises, and the cooler fluid replaces it -eventually, hot fluid cools, contracts and sinks back down again -resulting motion = convection current
57
Radiation:
-heat transferred by infrared -the hotter the object, the more infrared radiation it radiates -colour of object affects how well it emits and aborbs radiation -black objects-best at emitting + absorbing radiation -shiny objects-worst at emtting + absorbing radiation
58
Work:
is done when a force moves something through a distance -work done = energy transferred work done = force x distance W =Fd
59
Conservation of Energy:
-when GPE turns into kinetic energy as It accelerates downwards kinetic energy = 1/2 x mass x speed^2 gpe = mass x gravitational field strength x height
60
Power:
rate at which energy is transferred or the rate at which work is done in a given time power = work done/time taken P = W/t
61
Renewable energy:
energy which can be replenished as quickly a it is used -all have potentionally infinite energy supply - more costly -less reliable
62
Non-renewable energy:
-resources can only produce energy some of the time (eg: when it's windy) -Fossil fuels: reliable, can produce large amounts of energy in a short time. Produces Green House gases + pollution -Nuclear: reliable, produces no harm (above) a large amount of energy is produced from a small amount of fuel.produces dangerous radioactive waste
63
Energy transfers in the generation of electricity:
-in burning fossil fuels: chemical energy in chemical bonds -in nuclear reactors: nuclear energy in atomic nuclei -in a solar cell: light energy from the sun -in geothermal nergy: heat energy from the Earth's core -in wind energy: kinetic energy from the moving wind -in HEP: kinetic energy of moving waves

Year 10 (2022-23) (24 decks)

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