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AP Physics 1 > Physics S2 > Flashcards

Physics S2 Flashcards

1
Q

linear momentium

A

The product of an object’s mass and its velocity, often denoted as “p” and expressed as p = mv.

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2
Q

Newton’s second law

A

The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force applied to it and inversely proportional to its mass, described by F = ma.

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3
Q

law of conservation of momentum

A

In a closed system with no external forces acting, the total momentum before a collision equals the total momentum after the collision.

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4
Q

collisions

A

Interactions between objects where they exert forces on each other for a short period of time.

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5
Q

impulse

A

The change in momentum of an object resulting from the application of a force over time.

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6
Q

elastic collision

A

A type of collision in which both kinetic energy and momentum are conserved.

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7
Q

inelastic collision

A

A type of collision in which kinetic energy is not conserved but momentum is.

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8
Q

completely inelastic collision

A

A type of collision in which the objects stick together after colliding, conserving neither kinetic energy nor momentum.

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9
Q

center of mass

A

The point at which the mass of an object or system can be considered to be concentrated, often simplifying the analysis of motion.

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10
Q

radians

A

A unit of angular measure used in physics, representing the angle subtended when the radius of a circle is wrapped around its circumference.

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11
Q

Angular velocity

A

The rate of change of angular displacement with respect to time, often denoted as ω (omega).

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12
Q

angular acceleration

A

The rate of change of angular velocity with respect to time, often denoted as α (alpha).

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13
Q

torque

A

A measure of the tendency of a force to rotate an object around an axis, calculated as the force applied multiplied by the lever arm.

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14
Q

lever arm

A

The perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation to the line of action of a force.

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15
Q

moment of inertia

A

A measure of an object’s resistance to rotational motion, depending on its mass distribution and shape.

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16
Q

rotational kinetic energy

A

The energy associated with the rotational motion of an object, calculated as 1/2 times the moment of inertia times the square of the angular velocity.

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17
Q

angular momentum

A

The rotational analog of linear momentum, equal to the moment of inertia times angular velocity, often denoted as L.

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18
Q

law of conservation of angular momentum

A

In the absence of external torques, the total angular momentum of a closed system remains constant.

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19
Q

equilibrium

A

A state in which an object experiences no net force or net torque, resulting in a stable, unchanging condition.

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20
Q

statics

A

The branch of mechanics that deals with objects at rest or in a state of constant motion.

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21
Q

stable

A

A condition in which a small disturbance from equilibrium leads the system to return to its original state

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22
Q

unstable

A

A condition in which a small disturbance from equilibrium leads the system to move away from its original state.

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23
Q

neutral equilibrium

A

A condition in which a small disturbance from equilibrium does not result in a change in the system’s state.

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24
Q

Hooke’s law

A

A law describing the linear relationship between the force applied to a spring and the resulting deformation, typically expressed as F = -kx.

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25
Q

ultimate strength

A

The maximum stress a material can withstand before breaking.

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26
Q

fracture

A

The process of breaking or cracking, often due to excessive stress.

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27
Q

stress

A

The internal resistance or force per unit area within a material, often measured in pascals (Pa).

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28
Q

strain

A

The relative deformation or change in shape of a material in response to stress, typically expressed as a dimensionless ratio.

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29
Q

compression

A

A type of stress that results in a decrease in the length or volume of a material.

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30
Q

tension

A

A type of stress that results in an increase in the length of a material.

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31
Q

shear

A

A type of stress that results in deformation of a material by parallel forces applied in opposite directions.

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32
Q

elastic modulus

A

A measure of a material’s stiffness and ability to deform under stress.

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33
Q

Young’s modulus

A

A measure of a material’s resistance to deformation under tension or compression.

34
Q

shear modulus

A

A measure of a material’s resistance to deformation by shear stress.

35
Q

Bulk modulus

A

A measure of a material’s resistance to changes in volume under pressure.

36
Q

solid

A

A state of matter characterized by a fixed shape and volume, with particles arranged in a regular pattern.

37
Q

liquid

A

A state of matter characterized by a fixed volume but no fixed shape, with particles that can move past one another.

38
Q

gas

A

A state of matter characterized by no fixed shape or volume, with particles that move freely and independently.

39
Q

fluids

A

Substances that flow and can take the shape of their container, including both liquids and gases.

40
Q

density

A

The mass of a substance per unit volume, often expressed in kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m³).

41
Q

Specific gravity (SG)

A

The ratio of the density of a substance to the density of a reference substance (usually water), often used to determine the buoyancy of objects in fluids.

42
Q

Pressure

A

The force per unit area applied to a surface, typically measured in pascals (Pa) or atmospheres (atm).

43
Q

Pascal’s principle

A

A principle stating that a change in pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted undiminished to all portions of the fluid.

44
Q

manometer

A

A device used to measure the pressure of gases or liquids in a container by comparing it to atmospheric pressure.

45
Q

barometer

A

An instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure.

46
Q

atmospheric pressure

A

The pressure exerted by the weight of the Earth’s atmosphere on a given area at sea level, approximately 101.3 kPa.

47
Q

gauge pressure

A

The pressure above atmospheric pressure, often used in pressure measurements.

48
Q

Archimedes’ principle

A

A principle stating that the buoyant force acting on an object submerged in a fluid is equal to the weight of the displaced fluid.

49
Q

Bernoulli’s principle

A

A principle describing the relationship between the pressure, velocity, and elevation of a fluid in motion, often used to explain lift in aerodynamics.

50
Q

laminar

A

The type of fluid flow characterized by smooth, parallel layers of fluid, where adjacent layers move at different speeds.

51
Q

turbulent

A

The type of fluid flow characterized by chaotic, irregular motion and mixing.

52
Q

streamlines

A

Imaginary lines that represent the paths of fluid particles in a flow, used to visualize fluid motion.

53
Q

Bernoulli’s equation

A

A fundamental equation describing the conservation of energy in fluid flow, relating pressure, velocity, and elevation.

54
Q

Viscosity

A

The measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow, often described as its thickness or stickiness.

55
Q

surface tension

A

The force that acts to minimize the surface area of a liquid, creating a “skin” on the surface.

56
Q

equation of continuity

A

A principle stating that the mass flow rate of an incompressible fluid is constant along a streamline, ensuring that mass is conserved in fluid flow.

57
Q

simple harmonic motion

A

A type of periodic motion in which an object oscillates back and forth around a central point, with a restoring force proportional to the displacement from equilibrium

58
Q

amplitude

A

The maximum displacement from the equilibrium position in simple harmonic motion.

59
Q

period

A

The time it takes for one complete cycle of a periodic motion.

60
Q

sinusoidal

A

Describing a motion, wave, or function that follows a sinusoidal (sine or cosine) pattern.

61
Q

frequency

A

The number of cycles or oscillations of a wave that occur per unit of time, typically measured in hertz (Hz).

62
Q

simple pendulum

A

A mass (pendulum bob) attached to a string or rod that swings back and forth under the influence of gravity, exhibiting simple harmonic motion.

63
Q

damped

A

A term used to describe a system or oscillation where energy gradually decreases over time due to the presence of damping forces.

64
Q

natural frequency

A

The frequency at which an object or system oscillates with the greatest amplitude when disturbed from equilibrium.

65
Q

waves

A

Disturbances that propagate through a medium, carrying energy and information without transporting matter.

66
Q

pulse

A

A single disturbance or wave packet that travels through a medium.

67
Q

wavelength

A

The distance between two successive points in a wave that are in phase, such as two consecutive crests or troughs.

68
Q

amplitude

A

The maximum displacement of a point on a wave from its equilibrium position.

69
Q

pitch

A

The perception of the frequency of sound waves, determining whether a sound is high or low in tone.

70
Q

audible range

A

The range of frequencies that can be heard by the human ear, typically from 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz.

71
Q

loudness

A

The subjective perception of the intensity or amplitude of sound, often measured in decibels (dB).

72
Q

intensity

A

The power per unit area carried by a sound wave, related to its amplitude and distance from the source.

73
Q

fundamental

A

The lowest frequency and primary mode of vibration of an oscillating object or musical instrument.

74
Q

overtones

A

Higher-frequency harmonics that accompany the fundamental frequency in complex vibrations.

75
Q

harmonics

A

Multiples of the fundamental frequency in complex waveforms or vibrations.

76
Q

open tube

A

A tube, such as a musical wind instrument, open at both ends, allowing for the production of specific harmonics.

77
Q

closed tube

A

A tube, such as an organ pipe, closed at one end, which produces a different set of harmonics compared to an open tube.

78
Q

beats

A

The interference pattern produced by the superposition of two sound waves with slightly different frequencies.

79
Q

Doppler effect

A

The change in frequency or wavelength of a wave in relation to an observer moving relative to the source of the wave, often observed in sound and light.

80
Q

supersonic

A

Describing an object or wave that travels at a speed greater than the speed of sound in a medium.

81
Q

Ultrasonic

A

Sound waves with frequencies above the upper limit of human hearing, typically used in applications like medical imaging and cleaning.

AP Physics 1 (3 decks)

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