physio 2

Question 1

what does the telecephalon give rise to

Answer 1

basal ganglia, olfactory lobes and nerves, and cerebral hemispheres

Question 2

what does the diencephalon give rise to

Answer 2

epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus and infundibulum

Question 3

what does the mesencephalon give rise to

Answer 3

cerebral aqueduct, superior & inferior colliculi, tegmentum

Question 4

what does the met encephalon give rise to

Answer 4

cerebellum, pons

Question 5

what does the myelencephalon give rise to

Answer 5

medulla oblongata and posterior choroid plexus

Question 6

describe primary motor areas

Answer 6

direct connections with specific muscles

Question 7

describe primary sensory areas

Answer 7

detect specific sensations

Question 8

describe secondary motor areas

Answer 8

provide patterns of motor activity

Question 9

describe secondary sensory areas

Answer 9

analyze meanings of specific sensory signals

Question 10

what are the characteristics of tonic receptors

Answer 10

slow adapting, detect continuous stimulus strength, transmit impulses as long as stimulus is present

Question 11

describe primary sensory neurons (ascending pathways)

Answer 11

from external receptors and travel through dorsal roots of spinal cord

Question 12

describe secondary neurons (ascending pathways)

Answer 12

make up tracts in spinal cord and brainstem (neurons typically terminate in thalamus)

Question 13

describe tertiary neurons (ascending pathways)

Answer 13

from thalamus to primary sensory cortex (travel through internal capsule)

Question 14

what does the anterolateral spinothalamic tract carry

Answer 14

pain and temperature

Question 15

where do the secondary axis of the anterolateral spinothalamic tract decussate

Answer 15

through anterior gray and white matter commissures

Question 16

what does the medial lemniscus system carry

Answer 16

sensations for 2-point sensation (fine touch), pressure and vibration

Question 17

where do the primary fibers synapse with the secondary neurons (medial lemniscus system)

Answer 17

in medulla

Question 18

describe group 1a fibers

Answer 18

fibers from annulospiral endings of muscle spindles

Question 19

describe group 1b fibers

Answer 19

fibers from golgi tendon organs

Question 20

describe group 2 fibers

Answer 20

from cutaneous tactile receptors and flow-spray

Question 21

describe group 3 fibers

Answer 21

carry temperature, crude touch and pricking pain

Question 22

describe group 4 fibers

Answer 22

carry slow chronic pain, itch temperature and crude touch

Question 23

where do W ganglion cells get most of their excitation

Answer 23

from rods transmitted by way of small bipolar cells and amacrine cells

Question 24

what type of ganglion cells are responsible for vision

Answer 24

X

Question 25

describe potassium concentration of endolymph

Answer 25

high potassium concentration

Question 26

what are muscle spindles innervated by

Answer 26

small gamma motor neurons

Question 27

what does the sensory region of the muscle spindle function as

Answer 27

sensory receptor

Question 28

what does the muscle spindle detect

Answer 28

changes in muscle length

Question 29

where do the upper motor neurons of the pyramidal system decussate

Answer 29

in pyramids and form the lateral corticospinal tracts

Question 30

what do lesions of dentate, emboli form, and globose nuclei lead to

Answer 30

extremity ataxia

Question 31

what do lesions of fastigial nuclei lead to

Answer 31

trunk ataxia

Question 32

what are fastigial nuclei related to

Answer 32

postural activity and limb movement via reticulospinal and vestibulospinal tracts

Question 33

what cells provide lateral inhibition on adjacent purkinje cells to provide damping

Answer 33

basket and stellate cells

Question 34

what cells are the only output from the cerebellar cortex

Answer 34

purkinje cells

Question 35

what does the vestibulocerebellum consists of

Answer 35

flocculonodular lobes and nervis

Question 36

what does a loss of flocculonodular lobes lead to

Answer 36

extreme disturbance of equilibrium and postural movements

Question 37

what odes the spinocerebellum consist of

Answer 37

mostly of vermis and intermediate zone

Question 38

what does the cerebrocerebellum consist of

Answer 38

lateral parts of hemispheres

Question 39

what is the cerebrocerebellum mostly associated with

Answer 39

premotor and primary and association somatosensory areas of the cerebral cortex

Question 40

what is the cerebrocerebellum involved in

Answer 40

coordination of skilled movement and speech

Question 41

what is the primary motor area for shivering

Answer 41

dorsomedial portion of posterior hypothalamus

Question 42

what is the best known stimuli for increasing the rate of thyroid releasing hormone secretion

Answer 42

cold

Question 43

what is the set-point of the temperature control mechanism

Answer 43

level at which sweating begins or shivering begins in order to return to critical core body temperature

Question 44

what are the physiological mechanisms that alter the critical set point

Answer 44

primarily skin temperature changes

Question 45

what may cause slow waves

Answer 45

complex interactions among the smooth muscle cells and the interstitial cells of cajal

Question 46

what type of potentials excite muscle contraction

Answer 46

spike potentials

Question 47

what neurotransmitter is used by the interneurons of the myenteric plexus

Answer 47

serotonin

Question 48

define the gastrocolic reflex

Answer 48

causes evacuation of the colon

Question 49

define the enterogastric reflex

Answer 49

inhibit stomach motility and secretion

Question 50

define the colonileal reflex

Answer 50

empty ileal contents into colon

Question 51

what is the secretory product of parietal cells

Answer 51

HCL

Question 52

what secretes CCK

Answer 52

duodenal and upper jejunal mucosal cells

Question 53

what does CCK inhibit

Answer 53

gastric emptying and appetite

Question 54

what is the release of secretin stimulated by

Answer 54

presence of acidic foods in upper intestine

Question 55

what is secretin secreted by

Answer 55

duodenal and upper jejunal mucosal cells

Question 56

what does secretin inhibit

Answer 56

gastric acid secretion

Question 57

describe the blood flow and vascular resistance of the liver

Answer 57

high blood flow and low vascular resistance

Question 58

describe VLDLs

Answer 58

high concentrations of triglycerides and moderate amounts of cholesterol and phospholipids (transport lipids mainly from liver to adipose tissue)

Question 59

describe LDLs

Answer 59

high concentration of cholesterol and moderate concentration of phospholipids

Question 60

describe HDLs

Answer 60

high concentration of proteins and low concentration of cholesterol and fatty acids

Question 61

what is heme converted into by heme oxygenase

Answer 61

biliverdin

Question 62

where are fatty acids converted to acetyl-CoA

Answer 62

in mitochondria

Question 63

what is the carrier molecule of the conversion of fatty acids to acetyl-CoA

Answer 63

carnitine

Question 64

what is the neurotransmitter for preganglionic neurons (ANS)

Answer 64

acetylcholine

Question 65

where are the cell bodies of preganglionic neurons of the ANS located

Answer 65

CNS

Question 66

where are the cell bodies of post ganglionic neurons of the ANS located

Answer 66

peripheral ganglia

Question 67

what is the neurotransmitter for parasympathetic system

Answer 67

Acetylcholine

Question 68

what is the neurotransmitter for the sympathetic system

Answer 68

norepinephrine

Question 69

what cranial nerve are most parasympathetic fibers in

Answer 69

vagus nerve (CN 10)

Question 70

what hormone surges for ovulation

Answer 70

LH

Question 71

what is testosterone formed by

Answer 71

interstitial cells of leydig