Physio

Question 1

The volume of the ultrafiltrate of plasma entering the tubules by glomerular filtration in 1 day is typically (equal to circulating plasma volume/greater than total body fluid volume)

Answer 1

greater than total body fluid volume. A standard 70kg individual contains 42L of water (~60% total body weight), and filters as much as 180L plasma per day.

Question 2

A substance known to be freely filtered has a certain concentration in the afferent arteriole. [substance] in the efferent arteriole is (20% lower than value in afferent arteriole/close to value in aff arteriole)

Answer 2

close to value in afferent arteriole

Question 3

If autoregulation is effective, (pressure in renal artery/filtered load of water and small ions) is held constant

Answer 3

filtered load of water and small ions

Question 4

Acute blood loss is an example of (hyoposmotic/isosmotic/hyperosmotiic) volume contraction.

Answer 4

isoosmotic

Question 5

in acute blood loss, volume loss is from the (ECF/ICF/both)

Answer 5

ECF

Question 6

An increase in RBF (without/with) an increase in blood pressure indicates a decrease in renal vascular resistance.

Answer 6

without

Question 7

Dilation of the efferent arteriole (increases/decreases) glomerular capillary outflow and reduces PGC, causing GFR to decrease.

Answer 7

increases

Question 8

Dilation of the (afferent/efferent) arteriole increases glomerular capillary outflow and reduces PGC, causing GFR to decrease.

Answer 8

efferent

Question 9

If the clearance of a freely filtered substance is less than the clearance of inulin, then the the substance underwent net (reabsorption/secretion)

Answer 9

reabsorption

Question 10

Diabetic nephropathy is associated with thickened glomerular capillary basement membranes. The decrease in glomerular filtration rate results from: (reduction in permeability of glomerular filtration barrier/reduction in glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure)

Answer 10

reduction in permeability of glomerular filtration barrier

Question 11

normally prevents cells from entering the tubule: (glomerular basement membrane/capillary endothelial cells)

Answer 11

capillary endothelial cells (comprises the glomerular filtration barrier)

Question 12

“Creatinine clearance” best equates with (plasma volume completely cleared of creatinine per minute/renal plasma flow/renal blood flow)

Answer 12

plasma volume completely cleared of creatinine per minute

Question 13

A 3 per cent sodium chloride (NaCI) solution is hypertonic and when infused intravenously would (decrease/increase) extracellular fluid volume and osmolarity

Answer 13

increase

Question 14

Dilation of the afferent arterioles (increases/decreases) GFR

Answer 14

increases

Question 15

Dilation of the afferent arterioles (decreases/increases) renal blood flow

Answer 15

increases

Question 16

In normal kidneys, which of the following is true of the osmolarity of renal tubular fluid that flows through the early distal tubule in the region of the macula densa? (hypertonic/hypotonic) compared with plasma

Answer 16

usually hypotonic compared with plasma

Question 17

During progressive exercise, alveolar PCO2 stays the same then (increases/decreases) at high work intensities

Answer 17

decreases

Question 18

The 15 fold increase in VO2 which can be seen as fit individual progresses from rest to intense exercise is most likely attributable to (5x increase in cardiac output and 3x increase in O2 extraction/3x increase in CO and 5x increase in O2)

Answer 18

5x increase in CO, 3x increase in O2 extraction

Question 19

Respiratory exchange ratio RER (increases/decreases) with increasing exercise intensity

Answer 19

increases

Question 20

RER is (independent/dependent) on recent dietary history

Answer 20

dependent

Question 21

FFAs used as a metabolic fuel by skeletal muscle are found in higher concentration in the blood of (trained/untrained) individuals as compared to (untrained/trained) individuals working at identical intensities

Answer 21

are found in higher concentration in the blood of trained as compared to untrained individuals working at identical work intensities.

Question 22

FFAs are primarily catabolized (anaerobically/aerobically)

Answer 22

aerobically

Question 23

(Anaerobic/Aerobic) energy provision in a healthy person is expected to be most important during transition to a higher level of exercise intensity

Answer 23

anaerobic

Question 24

glycolysis is an (aerobic/anaerobic) process

Answer 24

anaerobic

Question 25

in an aerobically trained individual, enzymes of (glycolysis/the mitochondria) are not increased

Answer 25

glycolysis

Question 26

The increases in strength that occur as a result of a 3 month resistance training program can best be explained by: (early fiber hypertrophy followed by neural adaptations/early neural adaptations followed by fiber hypertrophy)

Answer 26

early neural adaptations followed by fiber hypertrophy

Question 27

The % of a 1-repetition maximum (1-RM) that is typically recommended to be lifted to fatigue to maximize strength increases is:

Answer 27

75%

Question 28

regular moderate exercise provides what health benefits especially in terms of cancer

Answer 28

decrease in colon cancer

Question 29

Why does glucose appear in the urine of patients with untreated diabetes?

Answer 29

Tubule glucose levels exceed transport capacity. (transporters exhibit saturation kinetics)

Question 30

insulin (increases/decreases) Na/K ATPase activity

Answer 30

increases

Question 31

______ tubule function accomplishes isoosmotic fluid reabsorption

Answer 31

proximal

Question 32

proximal tubule epithelium has a (high/low) electrical resistance

Answer 32

low--specialized for isosmotic fluid reabsorption

Question 33

ADH acts primarily on the _______

Answer 33

collecting duct

Question 34

aldosterone targets the _______

Answer 34

distal tubule

Question 35

the corticopapillary osmotic gradient is established by the ______

Answer 35

loop of Henle

Question 36

reabsorption of glucose occurs only in the _____

Answer 36

proximal tubule

Question 37

glucose reabsorption occurs in the proximal tubule via Na/glucose (co/anti) transporters

Answer 37

cotransporters

Question 38

The major titratable acids (TA) excreted in the urine are in the form of (H2PO4-/lactic acid/K2PO4/H2CO3/keto acid)

Answer 38

H2PO4-

Question 39

why do phosphates make good buffers in the urine

Answer 39

pK is very near the urine pH and there is a large amount of dibasic phosphate available for conversion to titratable acid and excretion

Question 40

if there is an excessive excretion of HCO3- and phosphate and glucose, which segment of the nephron is likely to be abnormal

Answer 40

proximal tubule

Question 41

Useful small organic metabolites that should not be excreted are reabsorbed (para/trans) cellularly

Answer 41

trans

Question 42

Small useful organic solutes are freely filtered. They are reabsorbed transcellularly by a __ system.

Answer 42

Tm

Question 43

The normal filtered load of small useful organic solutes is (above/below) the Tm

Answer 43

below

Question 44

tight junctions linking proximal tubule cells permit passive diffusion of (sodium/all filtered solutes/glucose)

Answer 44

sodium

Question 45

in the _____, water can move through apical membranes, basolateral membrane, tight junctions

Answer 45

proximal tubule

Question 46

____ is the ratio of excretion rate to plasma concentration

Answer 46

clearance

Question 47

ADH sensitive water channels are called;

Answer 47

aquaporins

Question 48

aquaporins are found in the ______

Answer 48

collecting duct apical membrane

Question 49

aquaporins on the apical membrane of collecting ducts are responsible for:

Answer 49

sodium free water absorption

Question 50

Solute-free water reabsorption in the descending limb, Na/K/2Cl cotransporters on the tALH, counter-current multiplier effect, and urea recycling all contribute to maintaining what

Answer 50

medullary interstitial concentration gradient

Question 51

Na/K/2Cl co transporters are found in which part of the LoH

Answer 51

thick ascending limb

Question 52

solute-free water reabsorption occurs in which part of the LoH

Answer 52

descending limb

Question 53

The (corticopapillary osmotic/medullary interstitial concentration) gradient is established by countercurrent multiplication in the loop of Henle.

Answer 53

corticopapillary osmotic gradient

Question 54

the counter current multiplier effect relies on what type of transporter

Answer 54

Na/K/2Cl cotransporters in the thick ascending limb

Question 55

the corticopapillary osmotic gradient is collapsed by what type of drug

Answer 55

loop diuretic

Question 56

(increasing/decreasing) blood flow through the vasa recta would decrease the magnitude of the corticopapillary osmotic gradient

Answer 56

increasing

Question 57

increasing urea reabsorption by the collecting ducts would (increase/decrease) the corticopapillary osmotic gradient that allows for urine concentration

Answer 57

increase

Question 58

thick ascending limb reabsorbs what

Answer 58

Na, K, Cl

Question 59

TAL has a (high/low) water permeability

Answer 59

low--prevents H2O from following ions, so tubule fluid becomes relatively dilute

Question 60

Ca is reabsorbed primarily in the ______

Answer 60

proximal tubule (regulated absorption occurs in the distal tubule)

Question 61

tubular fluid entering the medulla is (hypo/iso/hyper) osmotic

Answer 61

iso

Question 62

After drinking a large amount of water there would be a decline in ADH, which would (decrease/increase) water permeability in the ADH-sensitive regions of the tubule.

Answer 62

decrease

Question 63

the osmolarity of renal tubular fluid that flows through the early distal tubule in the region of the macula densa is (hypo/hyper) tonic compared with plasma

Answer 63

hypotonic compared with plasma

Question 64

urine is secreted into the tubules in the _______

Answer 64

thin descending limbs (where the interstitial concentration is high)

Question 65

in the absence of ADH, the greatest fraction of filtered water is absorbed in the:

Answer 65

proximal tubule

Question 66

in the presence of ADH, the greast fraction of filtered water is absorbed in the

Answer 66

proximal tubule

Question 67

ADH stimulates Na reabsorption in the (ascending/descending) limb

Answer 67

ascending

Question 68

plasma bicarb is low in (metabolic/resp) (alka/acid) osis

Answer 68

metabolic acidosis

Question 69

the (alpha/beta) intercalated cells of the collecting ducts will increase H+ secretion in metabolic acidosis

Answer 69

alpha

Question 70

renal tubular hydrogen secretion (increases/decreases) when plasma bicarb is low due to metabolic acidosis

Answer 70

increases

Question 71

net acid excretion (NAE) is determined by the sum of:

Answer 71

urinary ammonium + titratable acids - excreted bicarb

Question 72

net acid excretion (does/does not) depend on Na excretion

Answer 72

does not

Question 73

bicarb is low when it is below what value

Answer 73

24

Question 74

if bicarb is low, the disorder is (respiratory/metabolic)

Answer 74

metabolic

Question 75

what can be used to determine whether the acidosis is from acid loading or base loss

Answer 75

anion gap

Question 76

(an increase/a decrease) in the anion gap reflects the addition of weak acid

Answer 76

increase

Question 77

what are the values for the usual anion gap

Answer 77

8-12

Question 78

what sort of change in the anion gap would reflect base loading

Answer 78

no change because the loss of HCO3- in the stool would be matched by an increase in Cl-

Question 79

how might a person compensate for metabolic alkalosis with the lungs

Answer 79

hypoventilation

Question 80

what is normal PCO2

Answer 80

40

Question 81

An important compensation for respiratory acidosis is increased renal production of:

Answer 81

ammonia NH4+ (and increased NH4+ excretion)

Question 82

in acidosis, the urinary excretion of HCO3- would be (increased/decreased)

Answer 82

decreased

Question 83

ANP is released when you are volume (expanded/contracted)

Answer 83

expanded. Arterial natriuretic peptide is released from cardiac myocytes in response to increased arterial stretch during volume expansion

Question 84

during dehydration, ANP is (high/low)

Answer 84

low because you are volume contracted

Question 85

you can excrete more (Na/K/Cl) than is filtered

Answer 85

K

Question 86

Patients with Addison's disease have too (much/little) aldosterone secretion

Answer 86

too little aldosterone

Question 87

Patients with Addison's disease have a deficiency of aldosterone secretion and therefore tend to have (hypo/hyper) kalemia

Answer 87

hyperkalemia in Addison's

Question 88

High plasma creatinine: indicates a/an (increase/decrease) in GFR

Answer 88

decrease

Question 89

Impairment of proximal tubular NaCI reabsorption would (increase/decrease) NaCI delivery to the macula densa

Answer 89

increase

Question 90

increasing diameter of afferent arteriole (increases/decreases) GFR

Answer 90

increases

Question 91

increasing diameter of efferent arteriole (increases/decreases) GFR

Answer 91

decreases