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Physiology > Physio 8- 14 > Flashcards

Physio 8- 14 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the equation for compliance ?

A

C= V/P

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2
Q

Equation for Cardiac output

A

CO=HR xSV

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3
Q

What is the equation for ejection fraction?

A

SV/ end diastolic volume

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4
Q

What is the normal percent for ejection fraction?

A

55-60%

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5
Q

Cardiac output based on ficks principle

A

body oxygen consumption/ Pul venous{O}- Pul arterial {O}

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6
Q

What are the ways of determining CO/

A

CO= SV X HR
MAP= CO x TPR
Ficks principle
CO= O consumption/ A-v difference

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7
Q

Pul venous is = to

A

systemic oxygen

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8
Q

Pul arterial = to

A

systemic mixed venous

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9
Q

What is the equation for cardiac output of pulmonary circulation

A

CO= PAP-LAP/ PR

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10
Q

What is the relationship between resistance and viscosity ?

A

greater the viscosity= increased resistance

decreased viscosity = decreased resistance

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11
Q

Mean pressure= diastolic + 1/4 pulse pressure is an index of ?

A

diastolic press is a better index of mean pressure

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12
Q

How do tissues control auto regulation?

A

change flow by changing resistance

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13
Q

What controls resting muscles ?

A

sympathetics

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14
Q

What controls exercise muscle ?

A

Vasodilatory metabolites

autoregulation

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15
Q

What is the equation of SV

A

EDV- ESV

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16
Q

What are the systolic disorders?

A

Aortic Stenosis

Mitral regurgitation

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17
Q

What are the diastolic disorder?

A

Aortic regurgitation

Mitral stenosis

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18
Q

What is the equation for alveolar ventilation

A

Va=(Vt-Vd) x f

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19
Q

Equation for alveolar PCO2?

A

PACO2 Metabolic rate/alveolar ventilation

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20
Q

Alveolar gas equation?

A

PAO2= (Patm-47)FiO2-PaCO2

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21
Q

respiratory rate ratio?

A

CO2 produced/ O2 consumed

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22
Q

What are the oxygen hemoglobin binding site?

A

Hb 4 O2- 100mmHg –> 97 % saturated
Hb 3 O2- 40 mmHg–> 75% saturated
Hb 2 Os- 26mmHg –> 50% saturated
Hb 1 remains attached

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23
Q

How is hemoglobin unloaded

A

the plasma oxygen concentration needs to drop below t the set pressures

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24
Q

What shifts the oxygen dissociated curve to the right ?

A

decreased pH
increased PaCO2
increased 2,3 DPG
increased temperature

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25
Q

What shifts the oxygen dissociated curve to the left?

A

increased pH
decreased PaCO2
decreased 2,3 DPG
decreased temperature

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26
Q

Filtration fraction

A

GFR/RPF

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27
Q

Filtered Load

A

Filtered load= GFR x Plasma concentration

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28
Q

Clearance equation

A

Urine concentration x urine flow / plasma concentration

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29
Q

Blood flow of kidney

A

= plasma flow/ 1-Hct

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30
Q

Secreted substances in the kidney are always have ….

A

greater clearance than GFR

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31
Q

Normal anion Gap HARD ASS

A

H=hyperalimentation
A=Addisons disease
R=Renal Tubular Acidosis
D=Diarrhoea

A=Acetazolamide
S=Spiranolactone
S=Saline Infusion

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32
Q

Increased anion gap Mudpiles

A 
M=Methanol 
U=Uremia 
D=Diabetic ketoacidosis 
P=Propylene glycol 
I=Iron tables, Isoniazid 
L=Lactic acidosi 
E=Ethylene glycol 
S=Salicylates(late)
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33
Q

conn syndrome

A

hyperaldosteronemia

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34
Q

addison syndrome

A

hypoaldosteronemia

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35
Q

amylase breaks down what substance ?

A

carbohydrates

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36
Q

What is the purpose of gastrin ?

A

increase constriction of LES
increase motility of stomach
stimulate peptides

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37
Q

What does CCK do ?

A

causes contraction of gallbladder
increases bile flow
stimulates secretions from pancreas

38
Q

Where is CCK released from and in response to?

A

released from I cells in the duodenum

in response to polypeptides & fatty acids

39
Q

What does secretin do ?

A

increases HCO3 from the pancreas

decreases the motility and the secretion of the stomach

40
Q

Where is secretin released and in response to?

A

released from duodenum

in response to stomach acid entering the duodenum

41
Q

What is gastric inhibitory peptide

A

stimulates insulin release

42
Q

Where is GIP released and in response to?

A

released in the duodenum

in response to fat & carbohydrates

43
Q

What is the sequence of swelling ?

A

Relaxation of upper esophageal sphincter
primary peristaltic wave
relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter
receptive relaxation

44
Q

What is the defect of myenteric plexus

A

Achalasia

45
Q

What are the cells of the stomach glands?

A 
mucous neck cells
parietal cells 
enterchromaffin like cells 
chief cells 
D cells
46
Q

What does mucous neck cells secrete ?

A

mucus (protective lining)

bicarbonate

47
Q

What does parietal cells secede?

A

Gastric acid

intrinsic factor

48
Q

What does enterchromaffin like cells secrete ?

A

Histamine

49
Q

What does peptic chief cells secrete ?

A

pepsinogen

gastric lipase

50
Q

What does D cells secrete ?

A

somatostatin ( inhibit acid)

51
Q

What do parietal cells need following a meal ?

A

CO2 –> H and release HCO3 back into the plasma

52
Q

What does pepsionegen require to be functional ?

A

acidic environment

53
Q

What other enzyme does gastric neck cells secrete ?

A

Ghrelin - stimulates appetite

54
Q

What is the cephalic phase controlled by ?

A

sight , snell, taste, thought of food

55
Q

When does the gastric phase begin?

A

food entering the mouth

56
Q

When does the intestinal phase begin?

A

when chyme enters the duodenum

57
Q

What decreases gherkin secretions?

A

Peptide YY from the intestine

58
Q

What is the function of glucagon-like peptide-1 ?

A

secretes insulin

secreted by the L cells of the ilium and colon in response to chyme

59
Q

The pancreatic enzyme are ..?

A

alpha amylase : CHO
Lipase:TG to fats
cholesterol esterase : cholesterol hydrolysis
phospholipase A: cleaves fatty acids from phospholipids
proteases: inactive trypsin

60
Q

How is trypsin activated?

A

enterokinase/ enteropeptidase located in brush border

61
Q

What is the function of c- peptide ?

A

marker for endogenous insulin secretion

62
Q

What do alpha cells of the pancreas secrete ?

A

glucagon

located on the periphery

63
Q

Where does glucagon have an affect?

A

Liver–> glycogenolysis , gluconeogenesis

64
Q

What is Kallmann syndrome ( hypothalamic dysfunction)

A

embryologic defect of the migration of GnRH neurons

65
Q

What is a pathway in which panhypopituitarism can occur?

A

Apoplexy–> cerebral hemorrhage–>panhypopitutarism–> decreased T (TSH) A ( ACTH) P (prolactin)

66
Q

What is the factor defect in dwarfism ?

A

decreased GH & decreased IGF-1

67
Q

What is the factor defect in Laron syndrome ?

A

Increased GH & decreased IGF-1

68
Q

What terminates the growth period of long bones ?

A

Androgens & estrogen

69
Q

What is the defect in Acromegaly?

A

Increased GH that cause increased IGF-1

70
Q

What are the characteristics of acromegaly ?

A

enlarged hands
enlarged skull
protruding chin
enlarged sell turcica

71
Q

What is the short term regulator of blood pressure ?

A

ADH

72
Q

What are the two forms of diabetes insidious ?

A

Nephrogenic

central

73
Q

How can you tell the difference between nephrogenic & central diabetes insidious ?

A

Desmopressin

74
Q

What is the characteristics of SIADH ?

A

increased ADH –> increased water loss

Atrial natriuretic peptide–> Na loss

75
Q

What is the treatment for SIADH?

A

water restriction but not Na restriction

76
Q

What are the layers of the adrenal gland

A

Glomerulosa
Fasciculata
Reticularis

Medulla

77
Q

What do each layer of the adrenal gland secrete ?

A

Glomerulosa-aldosterone
Fasciculata-cortisol
Reticularis-androgens

78
Q

What does the medulla secrete?

A

epinephrine

79
Q

What is the cause of cushing syndrome ?

A

Glucocorticoids therapy that affect the pituitary gland

80
Q

What is the cause of cushing disease?

A

secondary hypercorticolism at the pituitary

micro adenoma

81
Q

Albright syndrome ?

A

pseudohypoparathyroidism

increased PTH but decreased Ca

82
Q

What are the symptoms of albright syndrome?

A

short stature
obese
short digits
4 & 5 dimpling and loss of knuckles

83
Q

What is the importance of thyroid hormone?

A

increase beta receptor in heart , skeletal muscle & adipose tissue
increases metabolic rate
converts carotene to vit A

84
Q

Whys is it important to watch thyroid levels in pregnancy ?

A

b/c placental 5 monodeiodinase can prevent the crossing of thyroid hormones to the fetus thus decrease fetal brain development

85
Q

What are the signs of a fetus that lacks thyroid hormones?

A

prolonged jaundice
hoarse cry
marked retardation of bone
feeding problems

86
Q

why do boys need estrogen ?

A

for maturation of sperm

87
Q

What is the first change in the male during puberty?

A

growth of the testes

88
Q

When do growth spurts occur ?

A

At the end of puberty

89
Q

What is the first sign of female puberty?

A

Breast development

but growth spurt is the first thing in female puberty

90
Q

What innervates erection, ejaculation, and emission?

A

erection- parasympathetic
ejaculation- somatic
emission- sympathetic

Physiology (2 decks)

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