physio exam 2

Question 1

Principal ECF electrolytes

Answer 1

Na, Cl, bicarbonate

Question 2

Principal ICF electrolytes

Answer 2

K, phosphate, magnesium

Question 3

calcium function

Answer 3

bone and teeth building; coagulations; muscle contraction

Question 4

chloride function

Answer 4

formation of HCL in stomach; transmit nerve impulses

Question 5

magnesium function

Answer 5

enzymes activation

Question 6

potassium function

Answer 6

regulation of water and electrolyte content of ICF; acid-base balance

Question 7

sodium function

Answer 7

regulation of fluid volume within ECF; increase membrane permeability; control water
distribution

Question 8

effects of increased ADH

Answer 8

Stimulates water conservation at the kidneys, concentrating urine

Stimulates the thirst center to promote the drinking of fluid

Question 9

where is aldosterone secreted

Answer 9

the adrenal cortex

Question 10

T/F

The higher the plasma aldosterone concentration, the more efficiently the kidneys will conserve sodium

Answer 10

TRUE

Question 11

Released by cardiac muscle cells in response to abnormal stretching of the atrial walls caused by elevated blood pressure or increase in blood volume

Answer 11

ANP

Question 12

edema

Answer 12

presence of excess fluid in the tissues (mainly in the ECC)

Question 13

list 4 causes of intracellular edema

Answer 13

o Hyponatremia
o Depression of metabolic systems of the cells
o Reduced nutrition of the cells (ischemia)
o Inflammation (increase membranes permeability)

Question 14

list 3 causes of extracellular edema

Answer 14

o Abnormal leakage of fluid from plasma to interstitial spaces
o Failure of lymphatic vessels to return fluid from the tissues back into the blood
o Causes: increased capillary pressure, decreased plasma proteins, increased capillary
permeability, blockage of lymph return

Question 15

thiazide

Answer 15

diuretics inhibit NaCl resorption in the DT

Question 16

Potassium-sparing diuretics (amiloride) function

Answer 16

block sodium channels in the CD leading to a reduction

of potassium excretion

Question 17

caused by a lack of ADH synthesis in posterior pituitary gland

Answer 17

Diabetes insipidus centralis

Question 18

when ADH is produced but it cannot act in the kidney

Answer 18

Diabetes insipidus renalis

Question 19

the testes determining gene (only in males) that causes the bipotential gonads to develop into testes

Answer 19

SRY gene

Question 20

this hormone will cause the development of the external genitals
in males

Answer 20

Dihydrotestosterone

Question 21

this will cause the degeneration of the mullerian ducts in

males (in females this is absent, allowing the development of mullerian ducts)

Answer 21

anti mullerian hormone

Question 22

this will cause the wolffian duct to become seminal vesicles, vas deferens and epididymis

Answer 22

testosterone

Question 23

Acts on anterior hypophysis to increase secretion of FSH and LH

Answer 23

GnRH

Question 24

under FSH stimulation convert testosterone

to dihydrotestosterone

Answer 24

sertoli cells

Question 25

Acts on sertoli cells to produce inhibin causing a negative feedback effect on pituitary release of FSH

Answer 25

FSH

Question 26

Stimulates androgen production from leydig cells

Answer 26

LH

Question 27

ensures a constant high intratubular concentration of testosterone essential for the function of the epididymis, and possibly other accessory glands

Answer 27

androgen binding protein

Question 28

hormone produced by leydig cells

Answer 28

testosterone

Question 29

This causes the androgen in males to be converted into estradiol

Answer 29

aromatase

Question 30

produced by the follicular cells in the ovary

Answer 30

estradiol

Question 31

produced by the CL

Answer 31

progesterone

Question 32

mediates ovulatory surge of LH

Answer 32

estradiol

Question 33

female hypothalamus -- surge center

Answer 33

responsible for bursts of GnRH required to achieve preovulatory LH surge; female structure; in males this structure is regressed by the crossing of testosterone through the blood brain barrier

Question 34

female hypothalamus -- tonic center

Answer 34

frequency of GnRH pulses controlled by a pulse generator

Question 35

T/F | hypothalamus is inherently female

Answer 35

TRUE **testosterone during development defeminizes the brain

Question 36

T/F | the surge center of the hypothalamus is also in men

Answer 36

FALSE **Testosterone crosses blood brain barrier and converted to estradiol which causes defeminization of hypothalamus, eliminating the surge center in males

Question 37

why doesnt the estradiol from fetal ovaries cross the blood brain barrier???

Answer 37

it ismbound to alpha-fetoprotein and is too big to cross barrier

Question 38

acquisition of capability of sexual reproduction (production of gametes)

Answer 38

puberty **different from sexual maturity

Question 39

Neurobilogic brake on prepubertal GnRH pulsatility

Answer 39

Gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) and Neuropeptide Y (NPY) -- Negative effect on GnRH release and pulsatility

Question 40

hormone that can mediate the onset of puberty

Answer 40

leptin -- adipocyte hormone

Question 41

T/F | All epididymal functions are androgen dependent

Answer 41

true

Question 42

T/F | libido can be increased with testosterone injections

Answer 42

false -- genetically determined threshold of testosterone

Question 43

GnRH in short day breeders

Answer 43

increases

Question 44

GnRH in long day breeders

Answer 44

decreases

Question 45

produced mainly by follicular cells in the ovaries

Answer 45

estradiol

Question 46

synthesis of estradiol

Answer 46

two cell two gonadotrophin synthesis theca interna cells make androstenedione by LH granulosa cells convert this into estradiol

Question 47

mediates sexual behavior and secondary characteristics of females

Answer 47

estradiol

Question 48

mediates the ovulatory surge of LH

Answer 48

estradiol

Question 49

synthesized by androgens by action of aromatase

Answer 49

estrogens

Question 50

hormone produced mainly by the CL

Answer 50

progesterone

Question 51

when is the CL formed

Answer 51

after ovulation

Question 52

large luteal cells

Answer 52

granulosa cells

Question 53

small luteal cells

Answer 53

theca interna cells

Question 54

T/F | both small and large luteal cells help produce progesterone

Answer 54

true **large makes more

Question 55

responsible for closure of the cervix

Answer 55

progesterone

Question 56

maintains pregnancy -- critical

Answer 56

progesterone

Question 57

class of hormone that binds to progesterone receptor s

Answer 57

progestagens

Question 58

hormone produced mainly by the leydig cells

Answer 58

testosterone

Question 59

responsible for masculinization and spermatogenesis

Answer 59

testosterone

Question 60

t/F | testosterone is osteoblastic

Answer 60

true

Question 61

where is gnrh secreted

Answer 61

hypothalamic centers

Question 62

oocyte surrounded by a single layer of squamous cells

Answer 62

primordial -- origin of granulosa/follicular cells

Question 63

oocyte surrounded by a single layer of cuboidal cells

Answer 63

primary

Question 64

follicle stage when zona pellucida is now present

Answer 64

secondary follicle

Question 65

follicle where fluid accumulates in the cavity

Answer 65

antral follicle

Question 66

immediately after ovulation the antrum collapses and fills with blood

Answer 66

corpus hemorrhagicum

Question 67

remnant of old corpus luteum

Answer 67

corpus albican --scar tissue

Question 68

perceived by the retina and mediated by photoperiod

Answer 68

seasonality

Question 69

produced by the pineal gland in the darkness

Answer 69

melatonin

Question 70

difference between puberty and sexual maturity

Answer 70

puberty -- capable of sexual maturity/gametes produced sexual maturity -- further body growth and adequate size for reproduction

Question 71

adipocyte hormone that may mediate the onset of puberty

Answer 71

leptin

Question 72

T/F | estrus is defined behaviorally

Answer 72

TRUE

Question 73

blood supply to scrotum

Answer 73

external pudendal a

Question 74

nerve innervation to scortum

Answer 74

genitofemoral

Question 75

drainage of scrotum

Answer 75

superficial inguinal lymph node

Question 76

drainage of the testes

Answer 76

lumbar lymph nodes

Question 77

cremaster muscle originates from...

Answer 77

internal abdominal oblique m

Question 78

how much cooler are testes from core body

Answer 78

about 4C

Question 79

counter-current arterio-venous exchange in testes

Answer 79

pampiniform plexus -- thermoregulation

Question 80

stimulates androgen/testosterone production from the leydig cells

Answer 80

LH

Question 81

enhances LH-induced testosterone secretion

Answer 81

prolactin

Question 82

steroid hormone produced by sertoli cells that locally supports spermatogenesis and has a negative feedback to decreases LH and FSH

Answer 82

estrogen

Question 83

where is inhibin produced in males

Answer 83

sertoli cells

Question 84

produced by the sertoli cells under FSH stimulation

Answer 84

androgen binding protein -- functions to bind testosteron to keep high intratubular concentrations

Question 85

site of sperm storage

Answer 85

tail of epididymis

Question 86

ejection of sperm from epididymis

Answer 86

emission

Question 87

ejection of semen from urethra

Answer 87

ejaculation

Question 88

where in the uterine tube does fertilization occur

Answer 88

ampulla

Question 89

how do the sperm extend their lifespan

Answer 89

adhering to the tubal epithelium in the isthmus until time of ovulation

Question 90

what stage of fertilization do chromosomes mix

Answer 90

prophase 1

Question 91

T/F | Contact between oocyte and cumulus cells is essential for fertility of the oocyte

Answer 91

true

Question 92

The site of the functional sperm reservoir is the

Answer 92

isthmus of uterus