Physio Exam 3 Chapter 11 part 2

Question 1

Hypothalamus neuron cells bodes are produced where:
ADH—
Oxycotin–
They are then transported along the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract and stored in the ________?

Answer 1

supraoptic, paraventricular, posterior pituitary

Question 2

Hypothalamus hormones synthesize releasing and _______ hormones. Hormones are transported to axon endings of ___________?

Answer 2

inhibiting, median eminence

Question 3

Hormones secreted into the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system regulate the secretions of the…

Answer 3

anterior pituitary

Question 4

Anterior pituitary and hypothalamic secretions are controlled by the target organs they regulate. Secretions are specifically controlled by ________ by target gland hormones.

Answer 4

negative feedback inhibition

Question 5

In regards to the anterior pituitary, the target gland hormone can act on the _______ inhibiting secretion of releasing hormone.

The target gland can also act on the _________ and inhibit the response to the releasing hormone.

Answer 5

hypothalamus, anterior pituitary

Question 6

Retrograde transport of blood from anterior pituitary to the hypothalamus.
Hormone released by anterior pituitary inhibits secretion of releasing hormone, this is called

Answer 6

short feedback loop

Question 7

The regards to the anterior pituitary, this would be an example of what kind of effect:

During the menstrual cycle, estrogen stimulates “LH surge.”

Answer 7

positive feedback effect

Question 8

Relationship between anterior pituitary and a particular target gland.
Pituitary-gonad
This is called the

Answer 8

axis

Question 9

Hypothalamus receives input from ________. Psychological stress affects circadian rhythms and _______

Answer 9

higher brain centers, menstrual cycle

Question 10

Paired organs that cap the kidneys? It consists of an outer cortex and an ______?

Answer 10

adrenal glands, inner medulla

Question 11

Derived from embryonic neural crest ectoderm (same tissue that produces the sympathetic ganglia).
Synthesizes and secretes:
Catecholamines (mainly Epi but some NE). This is called the?

Answer 11

adrenal medulla

Question 12

Adrenal cortex _______ receive neural innervation. It must be stimulated ______?

Answer 12

does not, hormonally

Question 13

The 3 zones of the adrenal cortex are? Does the adrenal cortex secrete corticosteriods?

Answer 13

zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis, yes

Question 14

Zona glomerulosa:

Mineralcorticoids (_______), stimulates _____ to reabsorb _____ and secrete K+

Answer 14

aldosterone, kidneys, Na+

Question 15

Zona fasciculata: Glucococorticoids (________), inhibit ______ utilization and stimulate gluconegenesis

Answer 15

cortisol, glucose

Question 16

Zona reticularis (_______), sex steroids, supplement sex steroids

Answer 16

DHEA

Question 17

The adrenal medulla is innervated by _________ sympathetic axons.
Increases respiratory rate, increases HR and cardiac output, vasoconstiction of blood vessels increasing venous return, stimulate glycogenolysis and stimulates lipolysis

Answer 17

preganglionic

Question 18

In regards to the adrenal gland, non specific response to stress produces _________. In the alarm phase ______ are activated, in stage of resistance also called the stage of _______, stage of exhaustion–this can occur if readjustment is not complete?

Answer 18

general adaptation syndrome (GAS), adrenal glands, readjustment, death

Question 19

Thyroid gland is the largest of the pure endocrine glands, ______ cells secrete thyroxine, parafollicular cells secrete _______?

Answer 19

follicular, calcitonin

Question 20

Production of thyroid hormone, Iodide (I-) actively transported into the follicle and secreted into the ______? Oxidized into _______?

Answer 20

colloid, iodine

Question 21

In the production of thyroid hormone, iodine attached to tyrosine within thyroglobulin chain, attachment of 1 iodine produces ______, attachment of 2 iodines produces ______?

Answer 21

monoiodotyrosine (MIT), diiodotyrosine (DIT)

Question 22

Are T3 and T4 produced by the thyroid? TSH stimulates pinocytosis into the follicular cell, enzymes hydrolyze T3 and T4 from _______? Attached to TBG and released into the blood

Answer 22

yes, thyroglobulin

Question 23

The following are the actions of particular hormone, what hormone is it? stimulates protein synthesis and promotes maturation of nervous system

Answer 23

T3

Question 24

T3 works by stimulating rate of cellular respiration by production of ______ proteins, Increasing active transport by ___/____ pumps and lower cellular _____.

Answer 24

uncoupling, Na K, ATP

Question 25

T3 also increases metabolic ____ and _____

Answer 25

rate and heat

Question 26

An iodine deficiency is also know as a ______. It is abnormal growth of the thyroid gland, in the absence of sufficient iodine, there cannot be adequate production of ___ and ____. This leads to lack of negative feedback inhibition, stimulates TSH which causes abnormal growth

Answer 26

goiter, T3 T4

Question 27

Autoimmune disorder: Exerts TSH-like effects on thyroid. Not affected by negative feedback, this is called? Hypothyroid from end of 1st trimester to 6 months postnatally. Severe mental retardation, this is called?

Answer 27

Grave's disease, Cretinism

Question 28

Adult myxedema: | Accumulation of mucoproteins and fluid in subcutaneous tissue, is an indication of what problem?

Answer 28

goiter

Question 29

Only hormone secreted by the parathyroid gland is ? It is the single most important hormone in the control of blood ___. It is stimulated by a decrease in blood _____?

Answer 29

PTH (parathyroid hormone), CALCIUM

Question 30

In pancreatic islets, alpha cells secrete _____. Among other things, stimulates conversion of fatty acids to _____.

Answer 30

glucagon, ketone bodies

Question 31

In pancreatic islet cells, beta cells secrete ______. Among other things, promotes entry of _____into cells. It aids entry of ______ into cells as well.

Answer 31

insulin, glucose, amino acids

Question 32

The pineal gland secretes melatonin, production is stimulated by the ________ in hypothalamus.

Answer 32

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

Question 33

In regards to the pineal gland, The SCN is the primary center for? Melatonin secretion ______ with darkness and peaks in ________?

Answer 33

circadian rhythm, darkness, middle of night

Question 34

The pineal gland may inhibit?

Answer 34

GnRh

Question 35

This is the site of production of T cells or lymphocytes? Lymphocytes are involved in ____-_____ immunity.

Answer 35

thymus, cell-mediated

Question 36

Is the thymus larger in newborns or adults?

Answer 36

newborns

Question 37

In the thymus, it regresses after puberty and becomes infiltrated with strands of _______?

Answer 37

fibrous tissue

Question 38

The gonads secrete sex hormones which are (3)? After menopause, they produce?

Answer 38

testosterone, estradiol 17-B, progesterone, estrone

Question 39

This secretes large amounts of estriol, progesterone, hCG and hCS?

Answer 39

placenta

Question 40

Produced and act within the same tissue of an organ. All of these regulators control gene expression in target cells? Produced within one tissue and regulate a different tissue of the same organ, this is called the?

Answer 40

autocrine, paracrine

Question 41

Neutrophins guide _______ peripheral neurons?

Answer 41

regenerating

Question 42

What are the most diverse group of autocrine regulators? They are usually only produced by the thyroid, true or false?

Answer 42

prostaglandins, FALSE by almost every organ

Question 43

In the immune system, prostaglandins promote _______? In the reproductive system they play a role in _______? and in the digestive system they ______ gastric secretion?

Answer 43

inflammatory response, ovulation, inhibit

Question 44

NSAIDS inhibit prostaglandin synthesis by inhibiting what? Celecoxib and rofecoxib inhibit what?

Answer 44

COX 1, COX 2