Physio final lecture 1-3

Question 1

_______ % total resting oxygen used by brain

Answer 1

20%

Question 2

_______________% of total blood flow goes to the brain

Answer 2

15-20%

Question 3

___________% of glucose metabolism used by brain

Answer 3

60%

Question 4

energy division of brain use

Answer 4

~25% maintaining neurons and glial cells
~75% electrical signaling across the brains circuits

Question 5

planned and purposeful neuronal cell death; removal of damaged or unneeded neurons

Answer 5

apoptosis

Question 6

unplanned and uncontrolled neuronal cell death

Answer 6

necrosis

Question 7

a natural process that occurs in the brain when the brain eliminates extra synapses

Answer 7

synaptic pruning

Question 8

the structures in the brain that allow the neurons to transmit an electrical or chemical signal to another neuron

Answer 8

synpases

Question 9

pruning = ….

Answer 9

efficiency

Question 10

schizophrenia is correlated with …

Answer 10

low synapses (high pruning)

Question 11

Autism is correlated with …

Answer 11

high synapses (low pruning)

Question 12

Frontal lobe fx

Answer 12

executive fx (emotion regulation, planning, reasoning, inhibitory control)
personality
dominant hemisphere = social conduct
*phineas Gage

Question 13

Prefrontal cortex

Answer 13

seat of planning and strategizing

Question 14

ventromedial PFC

Answer 14

empathy, guilt

Question 15

parietal lobe

Answer 15

integrating sensory info including…
touch
temp
pressure
pain

Question 16

Occipital lobe

Answer 16

visual processing (depth distance location)
contains the primary visual cortex

Question 17

temporal lobe

Answer 17

processing sensory information particularly important for hearing, recognizing language and forming memories
contains the primary auditory cortex

Question 18

basal ganglia

Answer 18

part of the limbic system
controls: motor control, motor learning, executive functioning and behaviors, and emotions

Question 19

substantia Nigra

Answer 19

produces dopamine (high concentration in the basal ganglia)
dopamine modulate the BGs fxing

Question 20

dopamine dysfunction

Answer 20

movement disorders such as Parkinson’s, dystonia, chorea and tics

Question 21

suppression of motor function =

Answer 21

decreased purposeful movement

Question 22

limbic system

Answer 22

emotions, motivation, learning, memory

Question 23

Nervous system

Answer 23

peripheral
central

Question 24

central NS

Answer 24

brain
spinal cord

Question 25

Peripheral NS

Answer 25

Autonomic NS Somatic NS

Question 26

Autonomic NS

Answer 26

sympathetic NS Parasympathetic NS

Question 27

Somatic nervous system

Answer 27

made up of spinal nerves and cranial nerves

Question 28

spinal nerves

Answer 28

mixed nerves that carry sensory info INTO and motor commands OUT of the spinal cord

Question 29

Cranial nerves

Answer 29

nerve fibers that carry info into and out of brain stem

Question 30

sympathetic division of autonomic NS

Answer 30

"fight flight freeze fawn" controls fx that accompany arousal and expenditure of energy coordinates responses to a stressor "thoracolumbar system" dilated pupils, inhibits salivation, accelerates heart rate

Question 31

parasympathetic division of autonomic NS

Answer 31

"rest and digest" involved in increases in body's supply of stored energy coordinates rest and relax response after the body has been stressed "craniosacral system" vagus nerve responsible for the calming following a stressful situation constricts pupil, stimulates salivation, slows heart rate

Question 32

______ L /min blood pumped every ________

Answer 32

5 minute

Question 33

entire volume of blood supply circulates every _____

Answer 33

minute

Question 34

Intravenous administration

Answer 34

fastest and most dangerous 30-60 seconds right into blood stream

Question 35

intraperitoneal administration

Answer 35

into stomach

Question 36

intramuscular administration

Answer 36

into muscle

Question 37

subcutaneous administration

Answer 37

into fat

Question 38

intracerebral administration

Answer 38

bypasses the BBB into brain

Question 39

intracerebroventricular administration

Answer 39

into ventricular system to reach CSF bypasses BBB

Question 40

oral administrations

Answer 40

sublingual - under tongue most common "first pass" metabolism

Question 41

intrarectal administration

Answer 41

into the rectum

Question 42

inhalation administration

Answer 42

into the lungs

Question 43

insufflation administration

Answer 43

into the nasal passages

Question 44

topical administration

Answer 44

onto skin

Question 45

distribution

Answer 45

entry of drugs into the brain drugs exert effects only at their sites of action mostly on or in cells of the CNS

Question 46

most important factor in determining the rate of distribution .... (and why)

Answer 46

lipid solubility lipid soluble materials pass through BBB the most rapidly heroin > morphine

Question 47

primary organ of excretion

Answer 47

kidney

Question 48

organ that plays active role in enzymatic deactivation

Answer 48

Liver (and brain but to a smaller extent)

Question 49

Therapeutic index

Answer 49

a commonly used margin of safety ED50 and TD50 provide a ratio which - therapeutic index (TD50/ED50) quantitative measurement of the relative safety of a drug

Question 50

therapeutic index: effective dose 50

Answer 50

(ED50) the dose that produces the desired effects in 50% of individuals

Question 51

therapeutic index: toxic dose 50

Answer 51

(TD50) the dose that produces toxic effects in 50% of individuals

Question 52

Ideal therapeutic index

Answer 52

>10

Question 53

drugs with low TI

Answer 53

litium carbamazepine valproic acid clozapine tricyclic antidepressents

Question 54

agonist

Answer 54

a molecule that binds to the receptor to stimulate a response = increased postsynaptic effects ex) addictive drugs (heroin, morphine) = stimulation = high

Question 55

antagonists

Answer 55

a molecule that by binding to a receptor blocks or inhibits the response = decreased postsynaptic effects botulin poison causes paralysis by blocking the release of acetylcholine = wrinkles cannot form d/t the area being paralyzed