Physio IBook Flashcards
(157 cards)
1
Q
The sympathetic preganglionic cell body is where?
A
CNS
2
Q
The sympathetic postganglionic is activated by?
A
Ach at nicotinic receptors
3
Q
The synapse between sympathetic pre and post ganglion is where?
A
In the ganglion
4
Q
The parasympathetic postganglionic is releases?
A
Ach which binds muscarinic receptors
5
Q
In the parasympathetic nervous system, what receptor deals with salivation and smooth muscle?
A
M1R
6
Q
In the parasympathetic nervous system, what receptor deals with sweating and exocrine gland secretion?
A
M3R
7
Q
In the parasympathetic nervous system, what receptor is found in SA node and decreases HR?
A
M2R
8
Q
In the sympathetic nervous system, postganglionic release?
A
NE which binds adrenergic receptors
9
Q
In the sympathetic nervous system, what receptor deals with smooth muscle contraction?
A
Alpha-adrenergic
10
Q
In the sympathetic nervous system, what receptor deals with smooth muscle relaxation?
A
Beta-adrenergic
11
Q
In the sympathetic nervous system, what receptor increases HR?
A
B1
12
Q
In the sympathetic nervous system, what receptor deals with adipose and increases heat production?
A
B3
13
Q
BP is carefully regulated by carotid and aortic baroreceptors (stretch receptors), if BP increases what ensues? If BP decreases?
A
1) Increase in stretch and AP
2) Decrease
14
Q
Where do carotid and aortic baroreceptors (stretch receptors) synapse?
A
Solitary nucleus
15
Q
The absorption of CSF is within what space?
A
Subarachnoid
16
Q
What causes bulk flow of CSF into veins?
A
Arachnoid villi that extend into venous sinus
17
Q
An increase in CSF pressure leads to?
A
Increase in absorption
18
Q
What happens when you have an increase in pressure but a decrease in absorptive capacity of arachnoid villi?
A
Hydrocephalus
19
Q
What causes blood flow to be blocked and the brain to use ANS to increase BP in order to drive blood through vessels?
A
An increase of intracranial pressure
20
Q
What transporter is not insulin dependent, moves glucose from blood to CSF, and is located in endothelial cells of capillaries, astroglia, and podcytes?
A
Glut 1
21
Q
What transporter is found on neurons and is insulin dependent?
A
Glut 2
22
Q
What transporter is found on microglia?
A
Glut 5
23
Q
The movement of 1 Na/ 1 K/ 2 Cl from CSF to blood is stimulated by?
A
Endothelin 1 and 3
24
Q
What limits brain exposure to systemically delivered drugs?
A
P-Glycoprotein
25
What maintains ionic composition, protects from exo/endogenous poison and prevents escape of NT?
BBB
26
What are the parts of brain without good BBB?
Circumventricular organs
27
What does the circumventricular organ, posterior pituitary not have a BBB?
Due to hormone release
28
What does the circumventricular organ, Area Postrema not have a BBB?
So it can detect blood-born chemicals and induces vomit
29
What does the circumventricular organ, organum vasculosum of Lamina Terminalis (OVLT) not have a BBB?
Bc it's an osmoreceptor for ADH
30
What does the circumventricular organ, subfornical organ not have a BBB?
Due to angiotensin and it activates thirst
31
When systemic BP increases this causes an increase in sympathetic activation, which increases NE, and causes vasoconstriction. Why is all this done?
Protect BBB
32
If perfusion pressure decreases, what will brainstem centers do?
Increase BP
33
A sign of increased ICP is?
Increased BP
34
What type of potential is excitatory, localized depolarization, and makes cell excitable more likely for AP to happen?
EPSP
35
What type of potential is inhibitory, localized hyperolaration, and less likelihood of AP?
IPSP
36
What receptor activates adenylate cyclase which increases CAMP and PKA?
Gs
37
What receptor inhibits adenylate cyclase which decreases CAMP and PKA?
Gi
38
What receptor activates PLC which activates IP3/PIP and DAG leading to an increase in Ca2+ release and the activation of PKC?
Gq
39
Of the four major pathways for dopamine, which one controls voluntary motion?
Substantia Nigra
40
Of the four major pathways for dopamine, which one goes from VTA to Nucleus Accumbens and is involved in pleasure/reward?
Mesolimbic
41
Of the four major pathways for dopamine, which one goes from VTA to cortex and is involved in attention and higher level of consciousness?
Mesocortical
42
Of the four major pathways for dopamine, which one goes from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary and in involved in decrease of prolactin release?
Tuberoinfundibular
43
What is found in locus coeruleus and is involved in wake-up and awareness?
NE
44
What is the hormone released by adrenal medulla?
Epi
45
What stores catecholamines and is found in adrenal medulla?
VMAT1
46
What stores catecholamines and is found in neuronal cells?
VMAT2
47
What inhibits VMAT1/2?
Reserpine
48
What NT is found in midline Raphe Nuclei, is derived from tryptophan, and is involved with attention and mood?
Serotonin
49
What serotonin receptor is only ionotropic and causes vomiting?
5HT3
50
What serotonin receptor is associated with Gi?
5HT1
51
What serotonin receptor is associated with Gq?
5TH2
52
What serotonin receptor has a high affinity for several anti-depressants?
5TH6
53
What serotonin receptor controls normal body weight and prevents seizures?
5HT2c
54
What degrades serotonin in order to remove it from the cleft?
MAO
55
What is found in tuberomammillary body and is involved in wakefulness?
Histamine
56
What Histamine receptor is located presynaptically and activation decreases histamine release?
H3
57
What Histamine receptor mediates neuronal effects of histamine?
H1 and H2
58
What degrades histamine in order to remove it from the cleft?
Diamine oxidase
59
What moves Ach to clear vesicles in order to control its release?
VAchT
60
What degrades Ach into choline (taken back up) and Acetate (diffuse away) in order to remove it from the cleft?
Acetylcholinesterase
61
What is found on smooth muscles and glands, activated by muscarine, and blocked by Atropine?
Muscarinic receptors
62
What muscarinic receptor is post-ganglionic ANS and CNS and is Gq?
M1
63
What muscarinic receptor is involved in cardiac and is Gi?
M2
64
What muscarinic receptor is found on smooth muscles of bronchi and vasculature and is Gq?
M3
65
What muscarinic receptor is found in presynaptic autoreceptor and striatum and is Gi?
M4
66
What muscarinic receptor is found in cerebral vasculature and basal ganglia and is Gq?
M5
67
Autoimmunity to GAD which converts glutamate to GABA causes what syndrome?
Stiff man syndrome
68
What GABA receptor is ionotropic, lots of variability, has CL- channels (IPSP) and benzos binds alpha subunit to increase Cl?
GABA (A)
69
What GABA receptor is metabotropic, decreases adenylate cyclase, interacts with Gq to decrease IP3/DAG and Ca2+?
GABA (B)
70
What GABA receptor is ionotropic and is found in the retina?
GABA (C)
71
What has receptors that have alpha and beta subunits, is ionotropic, and is blocked by strychnine?
Glycine
72
What degrades Adenosine into inosine in order to remove it from the cleft?
Adenosine deaminase
73
What adenosine receptor is metabotropic and can increase or decrease cAMP?
P1
74
What ATP receptor is ionotropic, has Na or Ca or both?
P2X
75
What ATP/ADP receptor is metabotropic and is Gq/Gi?
P2Y
76
What induces sleep and has feedback inhibition of ATP release?
Adenosine
77
What Opioid receptor increases K+ efflux and hyperpolarizes leading to analgesia, respiratory depression, constipation, euphora, sedation, increases GH/prolactin secretion, and miosis?
Mu
78
What Opioid receptor decreases Ca2+ influx leading to analgesia, miosis. diuresis, sedation, and dysphoria?
Kappa
79
What Opioid receptor decreases Ca2+ influx leading to analgesia?
Delta
80
What has a role in pain modulation, neuroprotection, and mood/appetite control?
Endocannabinoids
81
What endocannabinoid receptor is most abundant GPCR in brain, is Gi, decreases adenylate cyclase, binds 2AG and AEA equally, and decreases NT release/
CB1
82
What CB1 modifies nociception?
Spinal cord CB1
83
What CB1 is involved in neuroprotection against excitotoxicity?
Neocortical CB1
84
What CB1 is involved in changes in affect and has some mortar effects?
Hippocampal and Basal ganglia CB1
85
What endocannabinoid receptor binds 2AG better than AEA?
CB2
86
What does ischemia do?
Disrupts intracellular Ca2+
87
What receptor when activated increases Ca2+, has glycine binding sites, and has Mg2+ binding inside channel moved to let Ca2+ into cell?
NMDA
88
What receptor when activated increases sodium and is the modulation site for Benzos?
AMPA
89
What receptor may allow Ca2+ in but mostly NA+
Kainate
90
What causes severe intractable seizure that lead to brain damage to one hemisphere of brain and the only treatment is to remove affected hemisphere?
Rasmussen's Encephalopathy
91
Arousal and awareness define what?
Concsiouness
92
The absence of arousal/awareness along with no sleep/wake cycle signifies?
Coma
93
Having a sleep/wake cycle on EEG but no awareness signifies?
Persistent vegetative state
94
Having a sleep/wake cycle, awareness to simple commands but no communication signifies?
Minimally conscious state
95
What creates background excitation but is not sufficient for full consciousness?
RAS
96
What has parabrachial nuclei in rostral pons?
EAA
97
EAA + Cholinergic produce?
Arousal
98
What has pedunculopontine and lateral dorsal tegmental nuclei?
Cholinergic system (Ach)
99
Adrenergic and serotonergic systems create?
Wakefulness and awareness
100
What system is in the VTA and causes awareness leading to focused alertness?
Dopaminergic system
101
RAS -> Thalamus synapse on non-specific nuclei, intralaminar nuclei of thalamus -> Glutamate release -> Thalamocortical neurons -> Cortex and release glutamate is what output pathway of RAS?
Dorsal path
102
RAS -> Basal Forebrain and hypothalamus -> synapse in cortex release glutamate is what output pathway of RAS?
Ventral path
103
Parabrachial nuclei uses what pathway?
Ventral path
104
Cholinergic uses what pathway?
Ventral and Dorsal path
105
Noradrenergic uses what pathway?
Ventral and dorsal path
106
Serotonergic uses what pathway?
Ventral path
107
Dopaminergic uses what pathway?
Ventral and dorsal path
108
For the dopaminergic system, neurons are hyperpolarized and cuts cortex off form arousal system during what?
Sleep
109
For the dopaminergic system, thalamic discharge becomes constant during what?
Wakefulness
110
Afferent fibers synapse directly on alpha motor neurons for what reflex?
Monosynaptic reflex (stretch)
111
Afferent fiber synapse onto interenour and the interneuron synapses onto another internor or alpha motor neuron for what reflex?
Polysynaptic reflex (Golgi Tendon Reflex)
112
Myotactic, Golgi Tendon, and crossed extensor reflexes are at what level of CNS
SC
113
Vestibular and righting synapse are at what level of CNS?
Brainstem/midbrain
114
Placing response, hopping response are at what level of CNS?
Cortical
115
What reflex is elicited by muscle spindle and activated by stretch/lengthening of muscle?
Myotatic reflex
116
What part of muscle spindle is the one that makes the muscle move?
Extrafusal fibers
117
Skeletal muscle in series with sensory component and is innervated by gamma motor neurons are what type of fibers?
Intrafusal fibers
118
What are large, myelinated, rapid fibers that innervated bag and chain, and is sensitive to length of muscle along with how fast length is changing?
Ia fibers
119
What fibers are myelinated, smaller, not as fast, innervate chain, only sensitive to length?
II fibers
120
Ia fibers activates interneuron in SC that inhibits alpha motor neurons innervating antagonist muscle is what phenomenon?
Reciprocal inhibiton
121
What is the abrupt relaxation of contracted muscle, is located in the tendons and innervated by Ib fibers?
Golgi Tendon Reflex
122
In the GTR, the number of AP ___ as tension ___.
Increases for both
123
What is the period of areflexia immediately after transection of SC?
Spinal shock
124
In spinal shock, if input from brain is re-established what occurs?
If no innervation?
1) Motor recovery
| 2) Muscle dies
125
What is loss of rostral pons, tonic reflex against gravity uncovered, and has extensor rigidity along with spasticity (clonus)?
Decerebrate posturing
126
What is called when stroke damages internal capsule input from cortex leading to motor path disruption and posture dependent on head position?
Decorticat posturing
127
In decorticate posturing with bilateral damage, when the head is neutral what happens?
Arms both slightly flexed
128
In decorticate posturing with bilateral damage, when the head is turned what happens?
Arm on side of turn flexes more while other arm extends
129
In decorticate posturing with unilateral damage what happens?
Arm on affected side flexes with head turning
130
What are collection of neurons whose output creates a motor act that needs to be repeated over and over to be effective?
Central pattern generators
131
In the absence of sensory input central pattern generators what happens?
Slows down walking pace
132
What is strongly activated producing movements that bring arms/hands to face or chest?
Primary motor cortex
133
What is Brodmann's Area 6 and controls axial along with proximal muscle groups (posture)?
Supplemental motor cortex
134
What is the area for production of complex motor acts as part of planning process and timing of motion?
Pre-Supplemental motor cortex
135
What area ID's goal of motion, determines if appropriate to move, and puts body in proper posture?
Pre-motor area
136
What area relays for dorsal visual path and participates in integrating visual info and ID of objects that can be acted on?
Parietal cortex
137
What tract affects the muscle ton of limb flexors and influences ongoing motion?
Rubrospinal tract
138
What tract controls gamma-motor neuron and is sensitive to stretch?
Reticulospinal
139
What functions in sequential complex motion, corrects direction/force of movement, balance movements, and learning motor patterns?
Cerebellum
140
What is involved in postural control in the cerebellum?
Vermis of spinocerebellum
141
What part of cerebellum functions in force and direction of movement?
Outer part of spinocerebellum
142
What plans complex movement and is involved in sequence motion?
Cerebrocerebellum
143
What is involved in balance and eye movement along with planning for future?
Vestibulocerebellum
144
What are the outputs from cerebellum?
Deep cerebellar nuclei (FDEG)
145
An input to cerebellum that function in proprioception of the entire body and is excitatory to purkinje cell and deep cerebellar nuclei are?
Climbing fibers
146
An input to cerebellum that function in proprioception to entire body and cortex and are excitorar to deep nuclear neuron and granule cells are?
Mossy fibers
147
An input to cerebellum that are activated by mossy fibers, have axons that branch to form parallel fibers, and it's parallel fibers are excitatory to purkinje cells are?
Granule cells
148
What initiates/reinforces muscle activation?
| What turns off motion?
1) Climbing fibers
| 2) GABA
149
In the Basal Ganglia, what does the striatum consist of?
Caudate and putamen
150
What does the putamen function in?
Motor control
151
In the Basal Ganglia, what part is GPi?
Internal (medial)
152
In the Basal Ganglia, what part is GPe?
External (lateral)
153
In the Basal Ganglia, what part is SNPC?
Pars compacta
154
In the Basal Ganglia, what part is SNPR?
Pars reticularis
155
In the Nigrostriatal Dopaminergic system, what do D1 cells do? D2?
D1: Excite
D2: Inhibit
156
The direct pathway utilizes what?
D1 (Excitatory)
157
The indirect pathway utilizes what?
D2 (Inhibitory)
