Physio Lab Midterm Flashcards by Naomi V

What are the six levels of body organization from smallest to largest?

Organismal level
Organ system
Organ
Tissue
Cells
Chemical level

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What is the purpose of cholesterol in a phospholipid bilayer?

Cholesterol can increase or decrease fluidity

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What is meant by ‘passive’ and ‘active’ cellular transport?

Active cellular transport: uses ATP to move substances from an area of low concentration to high concentration
Passive cellular transport: allows substances to go from an area of high concentration to low concentration

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What is the purpose of enzymes and how are they produced? How are they used within cells to carry out their functions?

Enzymes speed up reactions in the body; produced via protein synthesis from the rough ER

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Explain the difference between meiosis and mitosis. What cells do they occur in?

Meiosis, also known as sexual reproduction, is when 4 haploid cells are produced after a cell divides twice and each are unique, only containing half of the amount of genetic material. Meiosis has 2 stages: Meiosis 1 and 2. Meiosis 1 has 4 phases. Meiosis occurs in reproductive cells.

Mitosis uses cell division to produce 2 diploid cells that are identical and have the original amount of genetic material. Mitosis has 5 phases and occurs in somatic cells.

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Explain each stage of mitosis.

Metaphase: chromosomes line up at the equator
Prophase: chromatin begins to condense into visible chromosomes
Interphase: DNA replicated
Anaphase: sister chromatids split and move to opposite poles
Telophase: sister chromatids reach opposite poles

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What organelle synthesizes fatty acids?

Smooth ER

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Explain how temperature affects the plasma membrane.

High temperature -> Increased fluidity
Low temperature -> Decreased fluidity

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Explain each stage of the cell cycle.

S phase: DNA replicated
G1 phase: Centrosome replication begins; duplicates organelles
G2 phase: Cell growth continues; centrosome replication complete; enzymes and other proteins synthesized
M phase: Nuclear division to form two identical cells
G0 phase: Resting phase; non-dividing cell

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What is the lock-and-key model?

The active site of the enzyme and the substrate fit perfectly together

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What is the induced fit model? Which is more popular?

The substrate binds to the active site and causes a change; this is the more popular model

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In the cheek cell experiment, what cell part was most noticeable and why?

Nucleus because of nucleic acids

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What stain was used in the cheek cell experiment?

Methylene blue

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What enzyme is responsible for synthesizing cholesterol?

HMG-CoA reductase enzyme

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What are the solutions for hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic? Explain.

Hypertonic: 10% NaCl
Hypotonic: DI water
Isotonic: 0.9% NaCl

Hypo: cells inflate
Hyper: cells shrink
Iso: Neutral

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If someone has fatigue, dizziness, and excessive thirst, what concentration is most suitable for an IV solution?

0.9% NaCl (isotonic)

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What is the fluid mosaic model?

Describes the structure of the plasma membrane: lipids and proteins

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What cells produce the myelin sheath in the CNS?

Oligodendrocytes

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What cells produce the myelin sheath in the PNS?

Schwann cells

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List the lobes of the brain.

Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital

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What is the function of the frontal lobe?

Speech (Broca’s area)
Planning
Motor control
Problem solving

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What is the function of the parietal lobe?

Touch
Body orientation and sensory discrimination

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What is the function of the temporal lobe?

Auditory
Language comprehension (Wernicke’s area)
Memory/information retrieval

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What is the function of the occipital lobe?

Sight

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What is the function of the cerebellum?

Coordinates somatic motor patterns in brain and spinal cord

What controls emotions, autonomic functions, and hormone production?

Hypothalamus

What is the relay and processing center for sensory information?

Thalamus

The area of the brain which controls the processing of visual and auditory data, generation of reflexive somatic motor responses, and maintenance of consciousness is the

Midbrain

What relays sensory information to the thalamus and other portions of the brain stem?

Medulla oblongata

What relays sensory information to the cerebellum?

Pons

What does the cerebrum do?

Stores and processes memories Generates thought processes Regulates conscious and subconscious skeletal muscle contractions

What connects the left and right sides of the brain and allows for communication between both hemispheres?

Corpus callosum

The structure that produces melatonin and helps maintain circadian rhythm and regulation of reproductive hormones is the

Pineal gland

Part of the limbic system that organizes and stores memorize

Hippocampus

The ____ is involved in the regulation of other endocrine glands.

Pituitary glands

List the layers of the brain and spinal cord from outermost to innermost.

Dura mater Subdural space Arachnoid mater Subarachnoid space Pia mater

List the flow of CSF through the ventricles of the brain.

Lateral ventricles Interventricular foramina 3rd ventricle Cerebral aqueduct 4th ventricle Central canal

List the 3 gray horns and their functions.

Anterior: somatic motor commands (skeletal muscle) Lateral: visceral motor commands (heart, lungs) Posterior: receives both somatic and visceral information

List the 4 types of dissection cuts.

Horizontal: separates top from bottom Parasagittal: separates left and right unevenly Midsagittal: separates left and right evenly Coronal: separates front and back

What structure is responsible for the sense of balance?

Semicircular canals

List the flow of blood to the lungs

inferior/superior vena cava right atrium tricuspid valve right ventricle pulmonary semilunar valve pulmonary trunk pulmonary arteries lungs pulmonary veins left atrium bicuspid valve left ventricle aortic semilunar valve aorta

The ____ circuit is when deoxygenated blood flows from the heart towards the lungs to get oxygenated and then that oxygenated blood returns to the heart

Pulmonary

The ___ circuit is when oxygenated blood flows from the heart throughout the body, supplying the body with oxygen, then the deoxygenated blood gets pumped back to the heart for oxygenation

Systemic

If the ____ is damaged there will be a backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria

Chordae Tendineae

What is the function of the chordae tendineae?

Holds the AV valves in place while the heart is pumping blood

What is the function of the pectinate muscles? Where is it located?

Increases the power of atrial contraction without increasing muscle mass Both atria; more prominent in right atria

What is the function of the papillary muscles? Where is it located?

Work together with the chordae tendineae, attach to AV valves to prevent collapse and prolapse Ventricles

What produces the lubb/dupp sound?

Lupp: Atrioventricular (AV) valves closing (tricuspid and bicuspid) Dupp: Semilunar valves closing (aortic and pulmonary)

The monosyllables describing the heart sounds are ___________. The first heart sound is due to the closure of the ___________________ valves, whereas the second sound is the result of the ________ valves closing. Upon hearing the first sound, the heart chambers that have just been filled are the__________ and the chambers that have just emptied are the _______. Immediately after the second heart sound, the ________ fill with blood, and the ___________ empty.

The monosyllables describing the heart sounds are lubb/dupp. The first heart sound is due to the closure of the Atrioventricular (AV) valves, whereas the second sound is the result of the Semilunar valves closing. Upon hearing the first sound, the heart chambers that have just been filled are the Ventricles and the chambers that have just emptied are the Atria. Immediately after the second heart sound, the Atria fill with blood, and the Ventricles empty.

How can you listen to the heart?

Stethoscope

What causes the heart sounds heard with a stethoscope?

Vibrations created by blood flow in the heart

What does a P wave represent?

Atrial depolarization (contraction of the atria)

What is the QRS complex?

Ventricular depolarization (contraction of the ventricles). Atrial Repolarization occurs behind the QRS complex, not visible in an EKG.

What does a T wave represent?

Ventricular repolarization (relaxation of the ventricles)

What is the purpose of ECG or EKG tests?

To measure the heart’s electrical activity which makes the heart beat

What does a larger than normal P-wave indicate?

An enlargement of an atrium

What does a larger Q wave indicate?

A myocardial infarction

What does a larger R wave indicate?

An enlargement of a ventricle

What is a blood pressure cuff called?

Sphygmomanometer

What is Korotkoff?

Sounds when checking blood pressure First click is the systolic BP Second click is the diastolic BP

What is the difference between systolic and diastolic BP?

Systolic: pressure exerted on arterial walls as the heart beats Diastolic: pressure exerted on arterial walls as the heart rests in between beats

How do you calculate pulse pressure?

Pulse Pressure = Systolic BP – Diastolic BP Systolic BP = Pulse pressure + Diastolic BP Diastolic BP= Systolic BP – Pulse Pressure

Provide AT LEAST TWO examples of mechanical digestion.

Chewing Churning

Provide AT LEAST TWO examples of macromolecules that are broken down from chemical digestion.

Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids

List the digestive process in order.

Ingestion Secretion Motility Digestion Absorption Defecation

Which cells secrete gastrin?

G cells

Which cells secrete HCl to active pepsinogen into pepsin? Why?

Parietal cells Pepsin breaks down protein

Which cells secrete pepsinogen?

Chief cells

Which cells secrete mucus?

Goblet cells

What are the three parts of the small intestine?

Duodenum Jejunum Ileum

What emulsifies fats?

Bile

What stimulates the release of pancreatic juices and bile from the gallbladder?

CCK

What increases bile production?

Secretin

How does food go from the small intestine to the large intestine?

Via the ileocecal valve

Where is feces stored?

Rectum

What produces bile?

Liver

What stores and concentrates bile?

Gallbladder

List the types of glial cells.

Microglia Astrocytes Oligodendrocytes

What cells enter the g0 phase?

Nerve cells Heart cells

What components do you get when lipase breaks down smaller fat droplets?

Fatty acids and glycerol

Which cell in the nervous system is responsible for maintaining the blood brain barrier?

Astrocytes in the CNS

Electrical conduction system of the heart

SA node AV node Bundle of HIS Bundle branches Purkinje fibers

Physio Lab Midterm Flashcards

(82 cards)