STUDY THESE MORE: PHYSIO LAB FINAL

Question 1

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

Answer 1

Nephron

Question 2

What is the urinary system composed of?

Answer 2

2 kidneys, 2 ureters, a urethra, and a urinary bladder

Question 3

What do the kidneys regulate?

Answer 3

Blood Ph
Blood volume
Blood osmolarity
Blood pressure

Question 4

What is another word for the blood pressure?

Answer 4

Renin-angiotensin pathway

Question 5

What is the site of filtration?

Answer 5

Renal corpuscle

Question 6

What is the countercurrent exchanger?

Answer 6

Vasa recta

Question 7

The ____ receives ____ from many ____

Answer 7

collecting duct
filtrate
nephrons

Question 8

Which tubule contains cells with abundant microvilli?

Answer 8

proximal tubule

Question 9

What is the countercurrent multiplier?

Answer 9

nephron loop

Question 10

Where does the action of aldosterone occur?

Answer 10

distal tubule

Question 11

What surrounds cortical nephrons?

Answer 11

Peritubular capillaries

Question 12

What releases renin?

Answer 12

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

Question 13

What is the renal corpuscle?

Answer 13

combination of the glomerulus
and glomerular capsule

Question 14

What is another name for the glomerular capsule?

Answer 14

(Bowman’s capsule)

Question 15

What processes filtrate into urine?

Answer 15

Renal tubules

Question 16

Explain the process of Glomerular Filtration

Answer 16

filters blood before it
enters the tubules.

Question 17

Explain the process of Tubular Reabsorption

Answer 17

substances are reabsorbed into the bloodstream.

Question 18

Explain the process of Tubular Secretion

Answer 18

substances are removed from
the blood and secreted into the tubes.

Question 19

What is the first step in making urine?

Answer 19

Glomerular Filtration in the glomerulus

Question 20

Blood enters through the _______ and leaves the glomerulus through the ___________

Answer 20

afferent arteriole
efferent arteriole

Question 21

What is not allowed to flow through in pressure filtration?

Answer 21

cells and proteins

Question 22

What is the Glomerular (Bowman’s) Capsule made up of?

Answer 22

(inner visceral
and outer parietal layer) composed of simple squamosal (flat) cells.

Question 23

What is a mesh of capillaries?

Answer 23

glomerulus

Question 24

T/F: Substances from filtrate in the renal tubules are reabsorbed into the bloodstream

Answer 24

True

Question 25

What percent of water is reabsorbed in the Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?

Answer 25

65%

Question 26

What percent of water is reabsorbed in the Loop of Henle?

Answer 26

15%

Question 27

What regulates the concentration of urine?

Answer 27

the Loop of Henle

Question 28

The descending limb is permeable to _____ and the ascending limb is permeable to ________

Answer 28

water ions

Question 29

What percent of water is reabsorbed in the Distal convoluted tubule?

Answer 29

10-20% 99% of filtrate is reabsorbed; 1% is secreted as urine

Question 30

Osmolarity ______ going down the descending loop, and _______ going up the ascending loop

Answer 30

increases decreases

Question 31

Where does tubular secretion occur?

Answer 31

the proximal and distal convoluted tubules

Question 32

How many liters of plasma does the kidney filter per day?

Answer 32

180 L

Question 33

How many times is the blood filtered a day?

Answer 33

36 times

Question 34

How many liters of blood does the human body contain?

Answer 34

5 L

Question 35

What is Hematuria?

Answer 35

Erythrocytes (RBCs) in the urine

Question 36

What is Glucosuria?

Answer 36

glucose in the urine

Question 37

what is Proteinuria?

Answer 37

protein in the urine

Question 38

what is Ketonuria?

Answer 38

Ketones in the urine

Question 39

What is a healthy ph?

Answer 39

6.5-7.5

Question 40

What are some crystal-forming substances?

Answer 40

urea, calcium, oxalate

Question 41

Is basic or acidic ph ideal for kidney stone formation?

Answer 41

acidic

Question 42

when do kidney stones form?

Answer 42

when the urine contains more crystal-forming substances than fluid that dilutes them

Question 43

What enzyme activates the renin-angiotensin pathway?

Answer 43

renin

Question 44

What senses changes in sodium concentrations? It also determines the releases of renin.

Answer 44

Macula Densa cells

Question 45

What plays an important role in the long term regulation of blood pressure?

Answer 45

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)

Question 46

How is angiotensinogen converted to angiotensin I? Then to angiotensin II?

Answer 46

Renin Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE)

Question 47

What does Angiotensin II do?

Answer 47

increases blood volume and blood pressure

Question 48

What was the reagent in the glucose test?

Answer 48

Benedict’s Reagent

Question 49

In the glucose test, what indicated a positive result? a negative?

Answer 49

Positive: red-cloudy orange Negative: blue

Question 50

What structure of the nephron is not working properly if there is glucosuria? how is it caused?

Answer 50

Proximal Convoluted Tubule Diabetes

Question 51

What was the reagent in the protein test?

Answer 51

Biuret Reagent

Question 52

In the protein test, what indicated a positive result? a negative?

Answer 52

Positive: Purple Negative: blue/clear

Question 53

What structure of the nephron is not working properly if there is proteinuria? How is it caused?

Answer 53

Glomerulus High protein diets

Question 54

Flow of filtrate in the nephron

Answer 54

Glomerular Capsule PCT Nephron loop DCT Connecting Tubule Collecting Duct

Question 55

Flow of Urine

Answer 55

Renal Papilla Minor Calyx Major Calyx Renal Pelvis Ureter Urinary Bladder Urethra Outside body

Question 56

How many segments are the male and female urethras? What are the segments?

Answer 56

Male: 3 (prostatic, membranous, spongy) Female: 1

Question 57

Explain the Bohr effect

Answer 57

The affinity of Oxygen to Hemoglobin is dependent on the partial pressure of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) in the system High CO2 = Low pH = Low O2 affinity Low CO2 = High pH = High O2 affinity

Question 58

In males, where does the production of sperm via meiosis occur? What is this process called?

Answer 58

seminiferous tubules Spermatogenesis

Question 59

In mitosis, what are the two types of cells?

Answer 59

Type I cells that are precursors to stem cells Type II cells that differentiate into primary spermatocytes.

Question 60

What is The process by which spermatids mature into sperm cells?

Answer 60

spermiogenesis

Question 61

What contains genetic material?

Answer 61

Nucleus

Question 62

What is an acrosome?

Answer 62

Contains digestive enzymes used by sperm to penetrate a membrane

Question 63

What is the sperm structure?

Answer 63

Head Midpiece Flagellum

Question 64

In the midpiece, the mitochondria uses ____from seminal fluid

Answer 64

fructose

Question 65

What is the purpose of fructose?

Answer 65

serves as energy for sperm

Question 66

Seminal vesicles

Answer 66

produces seminal fluid that contains fructose

Question 67

prostate gland

Answer 67

secretes acidic, milky substance that activates sperm

Question 68

Bulbourethral Glands

Answer 68

produce thick, clear pre-ejaculate fluid for lubrication and neutralization of acidic urine.

Question 69

What stimulates the secretion of FSH and LH?

Answer 69

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

Question 70

What stimulates sustentacular cells (Sertoli cells) to produce ABP?

Answer 70

FSH

Question 71

What stimulates testosterone production and secretion from interstitial cells (Leydig cells)?

Answer 71

LH

Question 72

Where is FSH and LH secreted from?

Answer 72

Anterior pituitary gland

Question 73

______ is the process by which mature female gametes, or ovum, develop from germ cells called oogonium

Answer 73

Oogenesis

Question 74

Where are primary oocytes contained?

Answer 74

primordial follicles

Question 75

Ovulation is the release of the secondary oocyte from a Graafian follicle. Graafian follicle becomes corpus luteum.

Answer 75

KNOW IT

Question 76

Flow of sperm SEVEn UP

Answer 76

Seminiferous tubules → Epididymis → Vas Deferens → Ejaculatory Duct → Urethra → Penis

Question 77

Function of Cremaster Muscle

Answer 77

regulate the temperature of the testicles

Question 78

What happens if fertilization does not occur?

Answer 78

MENSES

Question 79

If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum becomes the

Answer 79

corpus albicans

Question 80

Both FSH and LH are secreted from the

Answer 80

anterior pituitary

Question 81

What is estrogen and where is it produced?

Answer 81

causes thickening of the uterine lining. ○ Produced in the developing follicle.

Question 82

What is progesterone and where is it produced?

Answer 82

maintains the uterine lining. ○ Primarily produced in the corpus luteum.

Question 83

If fertilization occurs, what maintains the corpus luteum?

Answer 83

HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)

Question 84

What does the corpus luteum secrete?

Answer 84

Progesterone

Question 85

Prolactin

Answer 85

Stimulates the production of milk.

Question 86

Inhibin

Answer 86

ensures only one egg is produced.

Question 87

Oxytocin

Answer 87

Stimulates milk let-down; increases contraction through positive feedback to ease childbirth.

Question 88

Relaxin

Answer 88

Aids in the widening of the pubic symphysis (bone that connects hip bones) and helps dilate the cervix during childbirth