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Physiology > Physio Module 8 > Flashcards

Physio Module 8 Flashcards

0
Q 
Norepinephrine and acetylcholine are examples of which of these types of intercellular chemical signals?
A)	autocrine chemical signals
B)	pheromones
C)paracrine chemical signals
D)hormones
E)	neurotransmitters
A

E

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1
Q 
Name the intercellular chemical signal that is released by cells and has a local effect on the same cell type as that from which the chemical signal is released.
A)	autocrine chemical signal
B)	pheromone
C)paracrine chemical signal
D)hormone
E)	neurotransmitter
A

A

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2
Q 
The ff stimulates aldosterone secretion except 
A. Hyperkalemia 
B. ACTH 
C. ANP 
D. Angiotensin II
A

C. Inhibits

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3
Q 
Secondary messenger of TRH
A. cAMP
B. IP3/ DAG 
C. cGMP
D. Tyrosine kinase
A

B

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4
Q

Stimulation of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system during exercise results in secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine into the blood; when exercise ends, the amount of epinephrine and norepinephrine in the blood decreases rapidly. This is an example of
A) acute hormone regulation.
B) chronic hormone regulation.
C)cyclic hormone regulation.

A

A

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5
Q 
Which of the ff hormone can stimulate secretion of testosterone 
A. LH 
B. FSH 
C. Oxytocin 
D. Prolactin
A

A.

FSH for spermatogenesis

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6
Q

Given these events:

  1. acetylcholine is released
  2. action potentials travel through parasympathetic neurons
  3. insulin is secreted
  4. pancreatic cells depolarize
Arrange these events in the correct order after parasympathetic neurons are stimulated.
A)	1,2,3,4
B)	2,4,3,1
C)2,1,4,3
D)3,2,1,4
E)	4,2,3,1
A

C

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7
Q

The monthly change in secretion of reproductive hormones that occurs in women during their reproductive years is an example of
A) acute hormone regulation.
B) chronic hormone regulation.
C)cyclic hormone regulation.

A

C

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8
Q

Which of these is an example of positive-feedback regulation in the endocrine system?
A) an increase in blood glucose causes an increase in insulin secretion; insulin moves glucose into cells
B) an increase in TSH causes an increase in thyroid hormone secretion; thyroid hormones inhibit TSH secretion
C)before ovulation, an increase in LH causes an increase in estrogen, which causes an increase in LH
D)an increase in TRH causes an increase in TSH secretion; thyroid hormone inhibits TRH secretion
E) an increase in blood calcium causes an increase in calcitonin secretion; calcitonin moves calcium into the blood.

A

C

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9
Q

Hormones that bind to plasma proteins
A) bind reversibly.
B) establish an equilibrium between free hormones and bound hormones.
C)must be free hormones to diffuse through the capillary walls.
D)usually bind only to specific types of plasma proteins.
E) all of these

A

E

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10
Q 
If there is a decrease in the specific plasma protein to which a hormone binds,
A)	more free hormone occurs.
B)	less hormone binds to target cells.
C)blood levels of the hormone increase.
D)all of these
A

A

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11
Q

Down-regulation occurs because
A) both hormone and receptor are taken into the cell by phagocytosis.
B) receptor molecules are degraded more quickly.
C)there is a decrease in the rate of receptor synthesis.
D)all of these

A

D

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12
Q

Because of the down-regulation of GnRH
A) the number of receptors for GnRH on the pituitary gland is increased.
B) the number of receptors for GnRH on the pituitary gland is unchanged.
C) the number of receptors for GnRH on the pituitary gland is decreased.

A

C

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13
Q

Up-regulation
A) is responsible for periodic decreases in sensitivity of some tissues to certain hormones.
B) is responsible for the increase of LH receptors in ovarian tissue.
C) occurs when one hormone decreases the sensitivity of a tissue to a second hormone.
D) all of these

A

B

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14
Q

Given these events:

  1. activities of the cell are altered
  2. G protein subunits separate
  3. GTP replaces GDP on alpha subunit
List them in the correct order as they occur after a hormone binds to a membrane-bound receptor.
A)	1,2,3
B)	1,3,2
C)2,1,3
D)2,3,1
E)	3,1,2
A

D

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15
Q 
Phosphodiesterase
A)	converts GDP to GTP.
B)	opens Na+ ion channels.
C)opens Cl- ion channels.
D)breaks down cAMP to AMP.
E)	separates the alpha subunit from the others.
A

D

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16
Q

Given these events:

  1. alpha subunit attaches to GTP
  2. alpha subunit combines with Ca2+ ion channel
  3. Ca2+ ions diffuse into cell
  4. epinephrine binds to beta-adrenergic receptor
  5. G protein subunits separate
Arrange them in the correct order after epinephrine binds to a beta-adrenergic receptor on the heart.
A)	1,2,3,4,5
B)	2,4,3,1,5
C)3,5,2,1,4
D)4,5,1,2,3
E)	5,1,2,3,4
A

D

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17
Q 
When there is hypocalcemia, this is the source of calcium that is readily available 
A. Amorphous calcium in bones 
B. calcium in hydroxyapatite in bones 
C. Calcium in muscle 
D. Calcium in the kidneys
A

A

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18
Q

Hormones from the hypothalamus is transported to the ant. Pituitary gland via
A. Hypothalamo- Hypophyseal portal system
B. Hypothalamo- Hypophyseal tract
C. Both
D. Nota

A

A

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20
Q

Given these events:

  1. enzyme on receptor is activated
  2. enzyme activity in cell is altered
  3. insulin binds to membrane-bound receptor
  4. phosphate groups are attached to specific intracellular proteins
Arrange the events in the correct order as insulin influences intracellular activity.
A)	1,2,3,4
B)	2,1,4,3
C)3,1,4,2
D)3,4,1,2
E)	4,3,2,1
A

C

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21
Q

Given these events:

  1. protein is synthesized
  2. mRNA is synthesized
  3. aldosterone binds to aldosterone receptor in the cytoplasm
  4. aldosterone-receptor complex moves into the nucleus
  5. mRNA leaves the nucleus
Choose the correct sequence of events that occur after aldosterone diffuses through the plasma membrane of a target cell.
A)	1,2,3,4,5
B)	2,4,1,3,5
C)3,4,2,5,1
D)4,3,2,5,1
E)	5,1,3,4,2
A

C

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22
Q

A new mother is given a dopamine antagonist, which of the ff will be its effect
A. She will promote ovulation during sexual intercourse
B. She will produce more milk
C. She will die
D. She will develop hyper pigmentation of the skin

A

A.

Prolactin inhibitor

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23
Q 
Which part of the insulin receptor activates G proteins 
A. alpha 
B. Beta 
C. Gamma 
D. Delta
A

B

Alpha- where hormone binds

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24
Q 
PTH will increase the ff except 
A. Calcium reabsorption
B. Phosphate reabsorption
C. Bone resorption 
D. vitamin d metabolites
A

B.

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25
Q

Hormones from the hypothalamus is transported to the post Pituitary gland via
A. Hypothalamo- Hypophyseal portal system
B. Hypothalamo- Hypophyseal tract
C. Both
D. Nota

A

B. Axoplasmic flow

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26
Q 
What stimulates prolactin secretion 
A. GHRH 
B. GnRH
C. TRH 
D. POMC
A

C

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27
Q 
In the "second messenger" theory, which is the first messenger?
A)	cAMP
B)	hormone
C)enzyme
D)receptor
A

C

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28
Q 
Hormone released during stressful conditions 
A. TSH 
B. ACTH 
C. Oxytocin 
D. FSH
A

B

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29
Q 
Insulin will induce the ff metabolic pathway except 
A. Gluconeogenesis 
B. Glycolysis 
C. Fatty acid synthesis 
D. Glycogenesis
A

A.

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30
Q

A patient is high dose cortisol therapy, what advice will you give him
A. Refrain from eating bananas
B. Refrain from having too much sun exposure
C. Take it after meals
D. Don’t take vitamins because the drug will enhance your immune system

A

C. To reduce GI upset

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31
Q 
Type of iodine needed for thyroid hormone synthesis 
A. Iodide 
B. Iodine 
C. Reduced iodine 
D. Radioisotope iodine
A

B

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32
Q 
Calcium regulation is primarily maintained by 
A. TSH 
B. Calcitonin 
C. PTH 
D. ACTH
A

C

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33
Q 
The ff are effects of TSH 
A. Increase size of iodine 
B. Increase retinoid x receptor 
C. Increase proteolysis of thyroglobulin 
D. Increase iodine
A

C. Most important effect of TSH

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34
Q

Glucagon will
A. Increase insulin secretion
B. Decrease insulin secretion
C. No effect on insulin secretion

A

A

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35
Q 
A patient gas a non secreting tumor on his hypothalamus, you expect him to have 
A. Low TSH, high TRH 
B. High t4, low TRH 
C. Low t4, high TSH 
D. Low TSH, low t4
A

D

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36
Q 
A 25 year old man still continues to grow. He may have 
A. Dwarfism 
B. gigantism 
C. Acromegaly 
D. Osteomalacia
A

C. Acromegaly- After puberty or after closure of epiphyseal plate

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37
Q 
Oxytocin is synthesized by 
A. Supra optic nuclei 
B. Paraventricular nuclei 
C. Both 
D. Nota
A

C

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38
Q

True or false. Iodine deficiency may cause goiter

A

True. Endemic goiter

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39
Q 
Thyroglobulin has abundant number of 
A. Tyrosine 
B. Tryptophan 
C. Threonine 
D. Cysteine
A

A

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40
Q 
Most dangerous side effect of hypoparathyroidism 
A. Paresthesia 
B. Chvostek's sign 
C. Laryngeal spasm 
D. headache
A

C. May lead to respiratory failure

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41
Q 
Patients with liver disease will have 
A. Total T4 increase, free T4 increase 
B. Total T4 increase, free T4 decrease 
C. Total T4 decrease, free T4 decrease 
D. Total T4 decrease, free T4 increase
A

D

Less plasma protein.. More in free form

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42
Q 
Patient with hyperthyroidism will have the ff characteristics except 
A. Cold intolerance 
B. Insomnia 
C. Increase somnolence 
D. Thin
A

A.

43
Q

The ff are actions of thyroid hormones Except
A. Increase cholesterol, TAGS, fatty acids
B. Increase requirement for vitamin
C. Increase gluconeogenesis
D. Increase protein metabolism

A

A. Dec cholesterol, inc FA

44
Q

Unique of thyroid hormone
A. Products are not stored
B. Products are autocrine
C. Products can be stored for a long time
D. Products are regulated by positive feedback

A

C

45
Q 
To know if a DM patient is producing adequate amount of insulin, what must be tested 
A. Glycosylated hemoglobin
B. Fasting blood sugar 
C. C peptide level 
D. Potassium level
A

C.

Note: insulin injected will have no c peptide

46
Q 
Glucagon uses this substance to elicit its effect 
A. Tyrosine kinase 
B. Protein kinase a 
C. Calcium kinase 
D. Sterol phosphorylase
A

B

47
Q 
Which hormone directly affects blood pressure?
A)	ADH
B)	insulin
C)PTH
D)ACTH
A

A

48
Q 
A person with tumor on the thyroid gland will have the ff biochemical result 
A. Low TSH, low t4 
B. High TRH, low t4 
C. Low TRH, high t4 
D. High TSH, high t4
A

B. Primary hypothyroidism

49
Q 
A newly discovered hormone is found to use tyrosine kinase as its secondary messenger. It must have the ff characteristic except 
A. Structure is steroidal 
B. Receptor is located extracellularly 
C. Short half life 
D.  Water soluble
A

A

50
Q 
Net effect of PTH on serum calcium and phosphate respectively 
A. Inc, inc 
B. Inc, dec 
C. Dec, inc 
D. Dec, dec
A

B

52
Q 
The ff occurs in the chromaffin granules 
A. Synthesis of norepinephrine 
B. Synthesis of epinephrine 
C. Synthesis of dopamine 
D, aota
A

A

53
Q 
What form of calcium is biologically active 
A. Ionized calcium 
B. Calcium in the bones 
C. Protein bound calcium 
D. Anion bound calcium
A

A

54
Q 
The ff is inhibited by insulin 
A. PFK 1
B. Glycogen phosphorylase
C. Glucokinase 
D. Acetyl coA carboxylase
A

B

55
Q 
Responsible for linear growth 
A. Somatomedin C 
B. GIP 
C. Gastrin 
D. TSH
A

A. Aka insulin like growth factor

56
Q 
Bone can withstand compression because of 
A. Its ground substance 
B. Its vitamin D 
C. Its hydroxyapatite 
D. Its muscle surrounding it
A

C

57
Q 
ADH receptor that causes vasoconstriction
A. V1a 
B. V1b
C. V2
D. V4
A

A

58
Q 
Net effect of vitamin D on serum calcium and phosphate respectively 
A. Inc, inc 
B. Inc, dec 
C. Dec, inc 
D. Dec, dec
A

A

59
Q

A person with SIADH will most likely have
A. Dec serum osmolarity, dec urine osmolarity, dec urine volume
B. Inc serum osmolarity, inc urine osmolarity, dec urine volume
C. Dec serum osmolarity, inc urine osmolarity, dec urine volume
D. Inc serum osmolarity, dec urine osmolarity, inc urine volume

A

C

60
Q 
ADH receptor that causes water reabsorption in the kidneys 
A. V1a 
B. V1b
C. V2
D. V4
A

C

61
Q 
Insertion of Aquaporins channel in the collecting tubules of the kidney by ADH is mediated by 
A. IP3
B. cGMP 
C. cAMP 
D. Tyrosine kinase
A

C

62
Q

Hormones synthesized in the posterior pituitary

A

None

63
Q 
ADH is synthesized by 
A. Supra optic nuclei 
B. Paraventricular nuclei 
C. Both 
D. Nota
A

C

64
Q 
Congenital absence of deionase enzyme results to 
A. Cretinism 
B. Graves' disease 
C. Hashimoto's thyroiditis
D. Iodine deficiency goiter
A

D

65
Q

Given these characteristics:

  1. amplitude-modulated signals
  2. all-or-none response
  3. usually slower response
  4. effects usually more generally distributed
List the characteristics that apply to the endocrine system when compared to the nervous system.
A)	2,3
B)	1,2,4
C)1,3,4
D)1,2
E)	3,4
A

C

79
Q

When there is stress
A. Inc ACTH, inc cortisol, inc epinephrine
B. Inc ACTH, dec cortisol, dec epinephrine
C. Dec ACTH, dec cortisol, inc epinephrine
D. Dec ACTH, inc cortisol, dec epinephrine

A

A

81
Q 
Secondary messenger of TSH 
A. cAMP
B. IP3/ DAG 
C. cGMP
D. Tyrosine kinase
A

A

84
Q 
The ff refers to thyroxine except 
A. Have higher affinity to plasma protein 
B. Have faster onset of action 
C. Have more concentration in the blood 
D. Have longer half life
A

B. Slower

85
Q 
Main regulator of thyroid hormone synthesis 
A. ACTH 
B. TRH 
C. TSH 
D. Thyroxine 
E. Thyroglobulin
A

C

86
Q 
Where does oxidation of iodide takes place? 
A. Basolateral membrane 
B. Colloid
C. Apical membrane 
D. Para follicular cell
A

C

87
Q 
Organificaiton of thyroglobulin is done with the help of 
A.deionase
B. Peroxidase 
C. Iodinase
D. Conjugase
A

C

88
Q 
Steps in thyroid synthesis 
A. Storage and secretion
B. Iodide trapping 
C. Organificaiton of thyroglobulin 
D. Formation of thyroglobulin 
E. Oxidation of iodine
A

Bdeca

89
Q 
Preganglionic neurotransmitter of symphatetic nervous system 
A. Somatostatin 
B. Dopamine 
C. Norepinephrine
D. Acetylcholine
A

D

90
Q

True or false. Zona glomerulosa synthesizes minute amount of cortisol

A

False. Does not express CYP 17

91
Q 
A normal person undergoes nuclear study with radioisotope iodine. After the scan. Her laboratory test shows low total T4. This phenomenon is called 
A. Jod based ow effect 
B. Einsten effect 
C. Wolff chaikoff effect
D. Sheehan syndrome
A

C

92
Q 
Secondary messenger utilized by PTH 
A. cAMP 
B. cGMP 
C. Tyrosine kinase 
D. Phospholipase C
A

A

94
Q

Latency of the thyroid hormone is due to the ff except
A. Basal metabolic rate of the person
B. Binding to plasma protein
C. Mechanism of action of thyroid hormones
D. NOTA

A

A

95
Q 
A person shows you her biochemical test result. Low TSH, high T4. PE shows bulging of the eyeball. What is them most likely diagnosis 
A. Graves' disease
B. Hashimoto's thyroiditis
C. Cretinism 
D. Toxic nodular goiter
A

A.

96
Q

True or false. The effects of PTH and vitamin D on the intestine is the same

A

True

97
Q 
In chronic regulation of calcium, hormone/s involved 
A. PTH 
B. Calcitonin 
C. Somatostatin 
D. Thyroxine
A

A

Acute- PTH and calcitonin

98
Q 
A person with CKD stage 4 will most likely have the ff lab result  \_\_\_\_ calcium \_\_\_\_ phosphate
A. Inc, inc 
B. Inc, dec 
C. Dec, inc 
D. Dec, dec
A

C

99
Q 
Main form of thyroid hormone in the blood 
A. Free form 
B. Bound with albumin 
C. Bound with prealbumin 
D. Bound with thyroxine binding globulin
A

D

100
Q 
Active form of vitamin D is formed where?
A. Liver 
B. Kidney 
C. All cells 
D. Skin
A

B

101
Q 
This type of calcium is diffusable and ionized 
A. Free calcium 
B. Calcium bound protein 
C. Calcium bound anion 
D. Calcium in the bone
A

A
Calcium bound protein- non diffusable, non ionized
Calcium bound anion- diffusable but non ionized

102
Q 
Pre tibial myxedema is seen in 
A, hypothyroid 
B. Hyperthyroid 
C. Hypoparathyroidism 
D. Hyperparathyroidism
A

B

103
Q 
In Wolff chaikoff effect, 
A. Not everyone can be affected 
B. There is transient hypothyroidism 
C. Is always followed by an escape phenomenon 
D. This is pathological
A

B

104
Q 
According to ADA, Diabetes mellitus has the ff signs 
A. Polyuria 
B. Polydipsia 
C. Polyphagia 
D. Weight loss
A

B.

108
Q 
Blockage on secretion of the hypothalamus will likely result to \_\_\_\_\_ TRH, \_\_\_\_\_ TSH, \_\_\_\_ T4 
A, inc, inc ,inc
b. Inc. Dec. dec 
C. Dec, dec, dec
 D. Dec, inc, dec
A

C

110
Q 
What transporter is utilized in iodide trapping 
A. Na K ATPase pump 
B. Na I co transport 
C. K H antiport 
D. K I symport
A

B

114
Q

Given these events:

  1. alpha subunit binds to adenylyl cyclase
  2. cAMP is produced
  3. cAMP binds to protein kinase
  4. phosphate groups are attached to enzymes
  5. phosphodiesterase breaks down cAMP
Arrange them in the correct order as they occur after the G protein dissociates.
A)	1,2,3,4,5
B)	1,3,2,5,4
C)2,3,5,4,1
D)3,4,1,2,5
E)	5,4,3,2,1
A

A

117
Q

A patient with acromegaly will have the ff blood levels of hormones
A. Inc somatostatin, inc insulin, inc somatomedin
B. Inc somatostatin, inc insulin, dec somatomedin
C. Dec somatostatin, inc insulin, inc somatomedin
D. Dec somatostatin, dec insulin, inc somatomedin

A

A

118
Q

A nun comes to you complaining of visual disturbances. She said the she is lactating and has not have her monthly period for 4 months. What is her expected FSH levels
A. Inc
B. Dec
C. No change

A

B.
Prolactinoma
Inc prolactin, dec GnRH, dec FSH, dec LH

119
Q 
Most of the calcium in the body is 
A. In the bone
B. In the blood 
C. In the muscle 
D. In the brain
A

A. Hydroxyapatite

120
Q 
A new mother complains of easy fatigability. She is unable to breastfeeding her 2 day old baby. Lab results show Hyponatremia, she was also noted to be hypotensive. What is the most likely diagnosis 
A. Hypothyroidism 
B. Congenital adrenal hypoplasia 
C. Addison's disease 
D. Sheehan's syndrome
A

D

121
Q 
Where is ADH mostly synthesized 
A. Ant. Pituitary 
B. Posterior pituitary 
C. Hypothalamus 
D. Thalamus
A

C. Supra optic nuclei

123
Q 
The ff occurs in the chromaffin granules except 
A. Synthesis of norepinephrine 
B. Storage of norepinephrine
C. Synthesis of epinephrine 
D. Storage of epinephrine
A

C

124
Q

True or false. Chromaffin cell is a post gAnglionic fiber

A

False.

125
Q

The reason why adrenal medulla is considered an endocrine organ despite its neural origin is
A. Cortisol inhibits neuronal differentiation of the medullary cells
B. Aldosterone antagonizes its effect
C. Cortisol overrides its effects
D. It is located outside the brain

A

A.

Blood supply in the adrenal medulla is from adrenal cortex.

131
Q 
A parson with Graves' disease will have the ff 
A. Inc TRH , dec. TSH, dec T4 
B. Inc TRH , dec. TSH, inc T4 
C. DecTRH , dec. TSH, inc T4 
D. Dec TRH , inc TSH, inc T4
A

C

132
Q 
Insulin is synthesized in chromosome 
A. 7
B. 12
C. 11
D. 9
A

Qc

133
Q 
Pro insulin has the ff segments except 
A. Signal peptide
B. A chain of insulin 
C. B chain of insulin 
D. C peptide
A

A

134
Q 
Insulin chains are connected by 
A. Glycosidic bond 
B. Phosphodiester bond 
C. Disulfide bond 
D. Common sense
A

C

135
Q 
Myxedema seen in hypothyroid people is due to 
A. GAG
B. Collagen type I
C. Hyaluronic acid 
D. Chondroitin sulfate
A

A.

Hyaluronic and chondroitin Non pitting edema (eyes)

136
Q 
Hypothalamic hormone that exerts stimulatory activity except 
A. GnRH 
B. Dopamine 
C. TRH 
D. CRH
A

B. Inhibitory to prolactin

137
Q 
Anterior pituitary hormones act on a specific target organ except 
A. GH 
B. FSH 
C TSH 
D. Prolactin
A

A

Physiology (9 decks)

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