Physiochemical Foundations Flashcards
(57 cards)
What functional group is formed by a peptide bond?
Amide group
What makes a compound very volatile? (Gas-liquid chromatography context)
If a compound is nonpolar with the weakest intermolecular forces.
How to you determine if a chiral atom is R or S?
Draw an arrow from priority 1-3. If clockwise, R. If counterclockwise, S.
Which compound loses the oxygen in an esterification reaction?
The Carboxylic acid
What is the index of refraction?
The ratio of the speed of light in vacuum to the speed of light in the medium. (c/v)
What are the important units up to work?
K = C + 273
Force = kg * m/s^2 = N
Pressure = N/m^2 = Pa
Work = N*m = J
Power = J/s = W
What kind of bond generally stabilizes and solidifies organic compounds?
Disulfide bridges which are intermolecular covalent bonds.
What kind of amino acids help organic compounds bind to other surfaces?
Polar amino acids that can participate in electrostatic interactions. (cysteine and Methionine usually only form disulfide bonds which help within molecules or between molecules, not in binding to other surfaces.)
Why does blood move slower in capillaries than in arteries?
Due to the increased cross-sectional area of the capillaries. The blood can move slower with the same amount of force.
What makes a gas “ideal”?
The particles have negligible volume and do not exert intermolecular forces.
What do the sp, sp2, sp3, sp3d and sp3d2 hybridization states correspond to in terms of shape of the bonds?
sp: linear
sp2: trigonal planar (flat triangle)
sp3: tetrahedral (pyramid)
sp3d: trigonal bipyramidal (two pyramids stacked on each other, thus two poles pointing out from flat triangle)
sp3d2: octahedral (flat square with two poles pointing out)
What are the different common sugars?
Glucose and galactose are 6-member ring sugars.
Ribose and fructose are 5-member ring sugars
Sucrose and Maltose have 2 6-member rings
Sucrose has one of each ring.
What do phosphatases do?
They cleave off phosphate groups
What all bonds are in typical glycogen?
a-1,4 bonds (linear chains)
a-1,6 bonds (branch points)
How do atoms change due to B- radioactive decay?
b- decay: electrons and antineutrinos (converts neutron to proton)
b+ decay: positron and neutrino (convers proton to neutron)
What is the thin lens equation and what does it mean?
1/object distance + 1/image distance = 1/focal length
M (magnification) = image distance/object distance
With convex lenses, focal length is positive; concave lenses have negative focal lens
What is gamma decay? (y)
It is the emission of photons by the nucleus
Which compounds elute out first in a column chromatography?
The least polar compound, due to the weakest attraction to the polar stationary phase.
What are the different tiers of protein structure?
Primary: Linear sequence of AAs (peptide bonds)
Secondary: Folding of primary structure (H bonds); a Helix, b sheet
Tertiary: Distant interactions (Vanderwaals, hydrophobic packing, H bond, disulfide bond)
Quaternary: Multiple polypeptides (subunits; bonds are same as tertiary)
What is the formula for the energy of light?
E=hc/λ
What are the Amino Acids with net charges?
+1: Arginine, Lysine (R,K)
-1: Glutamic acid, Aspartic acid (E,D)
What are the names of the phosphates in ATP labelled closest to farthest from the rest of the molecule, and what is the sugar in ATP?
α, β, and γ
ATP has a ribose sugar in it
Which nitrogenous bases are purines, which are pyrimidines, and what are different about their structures and bonds?
Purines: AG
Pyrimidines: TC
AT bonds have 2 H bonds
CG bonds have 3 H bonds
What is π stacking?
When compounds with rings are stacked on top of each other the π bonds stabilize each other (most often seen in benzene rings)
