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Psy-Soc Flashcards

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1
Q

What is spreading of activation theory?

A

When the representation of a concept is activated in memory, the activation spreads to concepts that are semantically or associatively related to it.

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2
Q

What is categorical bias?

A

Objects of the same category seem closer spatially than objects of different categories

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3
Q

What is Piaget’s theory of cognitive development?

A

Children develop cognitively in 4 stages:
0-2 y: Sensorymotor stage; develops object permanence (object exists even if they can’t see it)
2-7 y: Preoperational stage; develop pretend play and recognize symbols meaning and very egocentric
7-11 y: Concrete Operational stage; develops conservation (using the water glass test) and learning mathematics
12+ y: Formal Operational stage; abstract hypotheticals and consequences and start of moral reasoning

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4
Q

What is conditioned stimuli and responses, also known as Classical conditioning?

A

A Conditioned Stimulus is an initially neutral stimulus that, through pairing with a biologically relevant stimulus, elicits a Conditioned Response similar to the response associated with the unconditioned stimulus.

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5
Q

What is the difference between positive and negative punishers?

A

Positive punishment decreases the frequency of a response by introducing an aversive stimulus to a response.
Negative punishment decreases the frequency of a response by removing the stimulus following the response

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6
Q

What is cognitive processes?

A

Any of the mental functions assumed to be involved in the acquisition, storage, interpretation, manipulation, transformation, and use of knowledge.

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7
Q

What is the cornea?

A

The outermost layer of the front of the eye

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8
Q

What is stimulus generalization?

A

When a response that is associated with one stimuli occurs for another similar stimulus

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9
Q

What is Gentrification?

A

Gentrification describes the process in which relatively affluent individuals move into a neighborhood that recently consisted of residents with moderate to low income.

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10
Q

What is group polarization?

A

When people’s attitudes become more extreme after they discuss the attitude object with like-minded individuals.

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11
Q

What is the capacity of Short-Term memory store?

A

Between 5 and 9. “Magical number 7+2”

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12
Q

What is the initial registration called before working memory is activated?

A

Sensory memory

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13
Q

What is procedural memory?

A

Memory for performing particular actions, aka muscle memory

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14
Q

What is a mixed-methods study?

A

A study that employs both a quantitative and qualitative component.

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15
Q

What is Vygotky’s Zone of Proximal Development and More Knowledgeable Other?

A

ZPD- The “sweet spot” of learning tasks that a person cannot accomplish alone but can master with guidance
MKO- A person or resource that possesses greater expertise in a given task or concept

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16
Q

What are the ages and developments associated with Freud’s Psychosexual development stages?

A

Oral - 0-1 y; feeding
Anal - 1-3 y; toilet training
Phallic - 3-6 y; parental learning
Latent - 6-12; social skills
Genital - 12+; sexual maturity

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17
Q

What are the keys to Erikson’s psychosocial development?

A

1 y; trust v mistrust
2 y; autonomy v doubt
3-5 y; initiative v guilt
6-12 y; industry v inferiority
12-18 y; identity v role confusion
18-40 y; intimacy v isolation
40-65 y; generativity v stagnation
65+ y; integrity v despair

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18
Q

What are Vygotsky’s 4 elementary mental functions?

A

Attention, Sensation, Perception, Memory

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19
Q

According to Vygotsky, how does private speech impact development?

A

It accelerates development and understanding and gain social skills

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20
Q

What are the 3 stages of Kohlberg’s Moral Development?

A

Pre-Moral: Obedience V Punishment; Individualism + Exchange
Conventional: Good boy + Good girl (conformity); Law + Order
Post-Conventional: Social Contract; Universal Ethical Principle

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21
Q

What are Herbert Mead’s Developmental Stages?

A

Preparatory Stage: Imitation
Play Stage: Role-Play
Game Stage: Learns of other perspectives + multiple roles

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22
Q

What is Herbert Mead’s “I” and “Me”?

A

I: Responding/Reacting to the Me
Me: How others see us (Society View)

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23
Q

What is the Looking Glass Self?

A

1: How do I appear to others?
2: What do others think of me?
3: Revision of self based on 1+2

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24
Q

What is emotional intelligence?

A

The ability to understand, use, and manage your own emotions

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25
What is memory Interference?
When something makes it harder to retrieve memories
26
What is a longitudinal study?
A research design that involves repeated observations of the same variables over long periods of time
27
What is significant about the differences in brain hemispheres?
- Contralateral control. L side controls R side of body and vice versa - L H helps with logical thought and R H is more creative
28
What is response bias?
A range of tendencies for participants to respond inaccurately or falsely to questions.
29
What is social loafing?
The tendency for individuals to expend less effort when working collectively than when working individually.
30
What is the difference between Relative poverty and Absolute poverty
Relative: when households receive 50% less than average household incomes. Absolute: A level of income that makes it impossible for the individual to meet basic life needs
31
What is Linguistic relativity?
The hypothesis that language influences worldview and/or cognition
32
What is Conflict Theory?
The study of society as based on inequalities
33
What are the differences between escape and avoidance learning?
Escape: Perform behavior to terminate unwanted stimulus (Escaping a fire) Avoidance: Behavior in response to avoiding the stimulus (Fire alarm to avoid fire)
34
What is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy?
Therapy that helps individuals learn to see their distortions in thought processes, reevaluate them, understand their (and other's) behavior and motivations and solve the problem.
35
What is Structural Functionalism?
The view that society is made up of processes that help it reach an equilibrium that makes a stabilized society (Like a cell)
36
What are the 3 phases of fear conditioning paradigms?
1. Fear acquisition 2. Extinction (no fear response) 3. Extinction Retention
37
What is flashbulb memory
Memory that is surprisingly accurate, associated with heightened emotion or surprise
38
What is prospective memory
Memory encoded for the purpose of recalled in the future
39
What is eidetic memory?
Photographic memory/Total recall
40
How do people respond to nights of less REM sleep?
Rebounding with more than normal REM sleep
41
What is a correlation coefficient?
The statistical relationship between two things. +1 is a perfect positive correlation. -1 is a perfect negative correlation.
42
What is Fundamental Attribution Error?
Regarding other's behavior as due to their character but your own to external circumstances. Same as Actor-Observer effect.
43
What are Dichotic Listening Tasks?
Presenting two different auditory messages, one in each ear
44
What risks accompany responding to stressors with anger and hostility?
Heart disease
45
What is conditioning Extinction?
When the conditioned behavior decreases or dissapears when presented with the conditioned stimulus.
46
What is a PET scan?
A functional imaging technique that uses radioactive substances known as radiotracers to visualize and measure changes in metabolic processes, and in other physiological activities including blood flow, regional chemical composition, and absorption.
47
What is Social Facilitation?
People improving task performance in the presence of others.
48
What is an NMDA receptor?
A glutamate receptor, the brain's primary excitatory neurotransmitter, most often found in the Hippocampus
49
What is Inter vs intra generational mobility
Inter: change in socioeconomic status from one generation to another Intra: change in SES within ones own generation
50
What are the Big Five Factors of Personality?
Intellect - Imagination vs uncreative Conscientiousness - Organized vs careless Extraversion - Bold vs bashful Agreeableness - sympathy vs coldness Neuroticism - Moody vs relaxed
51
What does Serotonin do?
Decreased Serotonin gives depressive symptoms, it also aids in digestion and wound healing
52
What is Drive Theory?
Humans have psychological/physiological need. When they are not met they gain a drive to restore homeostasis.
53
What is Latent Function?
Unexpected positive outcome of an action or social practice
54
What is Hidden Curriculum?
Unintended positive that come from students learning in structured schools
55
What is reproductive memory?
Type of memory in which you remember info exactly as it was presented to you
56
What is overextension in Psychology?
The term for applying a term for one class of objects to other objects that bear only a superficial resemblance
57
What is Anomie?
The feeling of detachment from society due to a lack of stable social norms.
58
What is the difference between role strain and role conflict?
Role Strain: tensions in the demands from a single social role Role Conflict: Balancing the demands of one role with other roles
59
What is Institutional Discrimination?
Discrimination at the policy and organizational level
60
What is Retinal Disparity?
The slight difference in the images captured by our two eyes due to their positions on our faces.
61
What is Episodic Memory?
A type of long-term memory that involves conscious recollection of previous experiences together with their context in terms of time, place, associated emotions, etc.
62
What is Maladaptiveness?
Actions or thought patterns that disrupt daily life, hinder adaptation to situations, or are counterproductive to achieving goals.
63
What is Observer Bais?
The tendency of observers to not see what is there, but instead to see what they expect or want to see.
64
What is Discriminating Stimuli?
A cue or signal that indicates the availability of reinforcement for a specific target response. It helps the subject to distinguish between situations when reinforcement is available for the desired behavior and situations when reinforcement will not be provided.
65
What is the difference between operant and classical conditioning?
Classical: Pavlov's conditioning, pairing unconditioned stimulus with conditioned stimulus to get an unconditioned response Operant: Using consequences to cause a change in voluntary behavior using reinforcement (do it again) or punishment (dont do it again) also by using positive (introduced) stimulus or negative (taken away) stimulus.
66
What is the James-Lange theory of emotion?
Psychological arousal instigates the experience of emotion. Stimulus produces physiological change which produces emotion
67
What is the Schachter-Singer theory of emotion?
Stimulus produces physiological change which paired with environmental cues produces emotion. (Two-Factor theory, modifies the JL theory)
68
What is the normal range for hearing in humans?
20 - 20,000 hz Or 0 - 130 dB

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