Physiological Psychology Lecture #7 (Guest Lecture-Microbiome) Flashcards
What are microbes?
- Bacteria
- Archaea
- Fungi (mycobiome)
- Protists
- Virus
- Phages
- Microscopic Animals
How many genes do human being have according to The Human Genome Project?
20,000 to 25,000 genes.
- Two copies of each gene–one inherited from each parent.
- Most genes are the same in all people, but a small number of genes (less than 1% of the total) are slightly different between people.
Alpha Diversity
A measure of microbial ecology of “species” of diversity, specifically the diversity within a sample. A measure of species richness in a sample.
Beta Diversity
A measure of microbial ecology of species diversity, specifically the diversity between samples.
Dybiosis
Disruption of the gut microbial diversity and community structure, typically due to reduction in beneficial bacteria and overgrowth of harmful bacteria yeast, and/or parasites.
World Urbanization Patterns
less exposure to microbiome.
Do we want more or less biodiversity in the environment?
More diversity in the microbiome
What has less biodiversity led to?
More allergic responses.
More immuno-regulatory disorders
“Old Friends”
Microbes that evolved alongside the mammalian immune system are thought to have been intricately involved with the human immune defense development. The human and the microbes depends on each other to function properly.
The “Old Friends” Mechanism
states that mammals co-evolved with an array of organisms that, because they needed to be tolerated, took on a role as inducers of immunoregulatory circuits.
The immune system evolved to require input from at least 3 sources that we collectively have terms the “old friends”. What are they?
- Commensal microbiotas transmitted by mothers and other family members.
- Organisms from the natural environment that modulate and diversify the commensal microbiotas.
- The “old” infections that could persist in small, isolated hunter-gatherer groups as relatively harmless subclinical infections or carrier states.
“Old Friends” and Psychiatric Disorders
“Some psychiatric disorder in developed countries might be attributable to failure of immunoregulatory circuits to terminate ongoing inflammatory response.”
What is the plasma CRP-biomarker used for?
Measuring systemic inflammation.
- Baseline plasma CPR to be highly significant overall predictor of post-deployment CAPS scores.
- CRP is elevated in chronic stress and may be linked between stress and low-grade inflammation-related diseases.
Innate Immune System
Born with this.
Developing Immune System
Based on Exposure.
