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Psychophysiology > Psychophysiology Lecture #1 > Flashcards

Psychophysiology Lecture #1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is psychophysiology?

A

The study of the relationship between physiological signals recorded from the body and brain to mental processes and disorder.

GOAL: to identify and describe the physiological processes directly relevant to such psychological constructs such as drive, motivation, attitude, emotion, and their modification by learning.

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2
Q

Neuraxis

A

Imaginary line draw through the base of the spinal cord to the front of the brain.

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3
Q

Cephalic Flexure

A

Curves between the brain and forebrain in humans.

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4
Q

Ipsilateral vs. Contralateral

A

Ipsilateral: on same side of body

Contralateral: on opposite side of body.

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5
Q

Nervous System

A
  • Helps all the parts of the body to communicate with each other.
  • Takes in information through senses, processes information, and triggers a reaction.
  • Uses electrical and chemical signals.
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6
Q

What are the 2 core parts of the nervous system?

A
  • CNS and PNS
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7
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Brain and spinal cord.
Main functions include:
- Thinking
- Homeostasis
- Interpreting sensory information.
- Learning
- Creating motor responses.

(THILC)

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8
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Nerves that branch off spinal cord and extend to all parts of the body.

Main function:
- Relay between CNS and the rest of the body.

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9
Q

The brain controls…

A
  • thoughts
  • emotions
  • memory
  • touch
  • motor skills
  • vision
  • breathing
  • temperature
  • hunger
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10
Q

3 Levels of Protection (Brain)

A

Level 1: cranium/skull
Level 2: Meninges
Level 3: CSF/Ventricular System

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11
Q

Cranium/Skull

A

Pterion: weakest point
Jaw bone: strongest point

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12
Q

Meninges

A

Protective sheaths around the brain and spinal cord.
- Dura Mater: outer layer (thick/tough)
- Arachnoid Membrane: middle layer (spongy/soft)
- Pia Mater: around every surface

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13
Q

Subarachnoid Space

A

Gap filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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14
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

A

Provides protection, nourishment, and waste removal.

  • Produced by specialized ependymal cells in the choroid plexus of ventricles of the brain.
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15
Q

Ventricular System

A

Produces and secretes cerebrospinal fluid to protect and maintain CNS.

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16
Q

Ventricle

A

Hollow vesicle within arachnoid membrane.

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17
Q

Different Ventricles

A
  • Lateral ventricle (2)
  • Interventricular Formina (2)
  • 3rd Ventricle
  • Cerebral Aquaduct
  • 4th ventricle

(L.I.3.C.4)

Blockage = obstructive hydrocephalus.

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18
Q

Brain uses…

A
  • 20% of total resting oxygen.
  • 15-20% of total blood flow goes to brain.
  • 60% of glucose metabolism.
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19
Q

Energy division

A
  • Approx. 25% = maintaining neurons and glial cells
  • Approx. 75% = electrical signaling across brain circuits.
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20
Q

CNS Development

A
  • Neural Tube: serves as embryonic brain and spinal cord, CNS. Divides to form basic brain regions.
  • Neural Migration: brings neuronal cells to appropriate locations. Neurons brach to form synapses.
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21
Q

Apoptosis

A

Planned and purposeful cell death. Removal of damaged of unneeded neurons.

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22
Q

Necrosis

A

Unplanned and uncontrolled removal of cells.

23
Q

Synaptic Pruning

A
  • Brain eliminates extra synapses. Occurs between early childhood and adulthood.
  • Synapses allow neurons to transmit electrical or chemical signal to another neuron.
  • Pruning –> Efficiency
24
Q

Schizophrenia is correlated with…

A

decrease synapses

25
Q

Autism is correlated with

A

increase synapses

26
Q

Telencephalon

A
  • Makes up 70% of brain mass.
  • Largest component of brain.
  • Highest level of neuronal organization.
  • Includes (L) and (R) hemispheres.
27
Q

4 Lobes of Telencephalon

A
  1. Frontal
  2. Parietal
  3. Temporal
  4. Occipital
28
Q

Sucli and Fissure

A

Sulci: small grooves
Fissures: large grooves

29
Q

Central Sulcus

A

Boundary between the frontal and parietal lobe and the motor and sensory cortex.

30
Q

Gyri

A

Bulges between sulci and fissures.

31
Q

Precentral Gyrus

A

Location of primary motor cortex

32
Q

Postcentral Gyrus

A

Location of primary somatosensory cortex. All senses except smell and taste.

33
Q

Cortex Components

A

Made up of glia, cell bodies, dendrites, and axons.

34
Q

Glia

A

Cortex Component
- Supportive and nourishing cells.
- Einstein had 30% more
- 10-50x more than neurons.
- Gray appearance because mostly made of cell bodies = gray matter

35
Q

Myelin

A

80% lipids, 20% protein
- insulation and increases action potential speed.

  • subcortical cells are myelinated = white matter.
36
Q

Homunculus

A

Model of human body which reflects amount of brain tissue devoted to sensory and motor information in particular areas.

37
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Executive functions (emotion regulation, planning, reasoning, inhibitory control, etc.) personality.

  • Dominant Hemisphere: social conduct
  • Phineas Gage
38
Q

Prefrontal Cortex

A

Seat of planning and strategizing.

  • Ventromedial PFC: empathy and guilt.
39
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Integrating sensory information, including touch, temperature, pressure and pain.

40
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Processing sensory information, particularly important for hearing, recognizing language and forming memories.

  • Contains the primary auditory cortex.
41
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Visual processing (depth, distance, location)

  • Contains the primary visual cortex.
42
Q

4 Main Parts of the Lymbic System

A
  1. Thalamus
  2. Hypothalamus
  3. Amygdala
  4. Hippocampus

T.H.A.H.

43
Q

Thalamus

A

Relay station.

44
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Homeostasis <– Diencephalon

45
Q

Amygdala

A

“Emotional Center” (almond)
- Emotional valence.
- Increase HR and BR–fight or flight
- Learning of reward/punishment.
- Modulation of memory consolidation, increase emotion = increase memory.
- Psychopathy = decrease connection with VMPFC (ventromedial prefrontal cortex)
- PTSD = increased activity.

46
Q

Hippocampus

A

“Seahorse”
- Formation of new memories.
- Proximity to olfactory bulb.
- When damaged = memory loss, disorientation, mood swings, i.e., Alzeimer’s disease.

47
Q

During puberty what does the limbic system become better controlled by?

A

PFC (prefrontal coretx)

48
Q

Primary uses of the limbic system?

A

Emotion, Motivation, Learning and Memory

49
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

Controls motor control, as well as other roles such as motor learning, executive functions and behaviors and emotions.

  • Part of limbic system.
50
Q

Substantia Nigra

A

Produces dopamine (high concentration in basil ganglia).

51
Q

Dopamine Dysfunction

A

Movement disorder such as parkinsonian syndrome, dystonia, chorea, and tics.

52
Q

What does a suppression of motor function lead to?

A

Decrease purposeful movement.

53
Q

Cultural Considerations

A
  • In Asian Americans: increase in cortical thickness.
  • In Caucasian: age = increase in WML (white matter lesions)
  • In Blacks: obesity = increase in WML (white matter lesions)

White matter lesions usually indicative of an injury.

54
Q

Childhood Adversity and its effect on the brain

A
  • Lower gray matter volumes in the amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex.
  • Extreme neglect –> decrease brain activation.

Psychophysiology (11 decks)

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