PHYSIOLOGY 1&2 Flashcards
(116 cards)
1
Q
Blood is a part of…
A
The extracellular fluid which circulates within the cardiovascular system.
2
Q
Amount of blood in 70kg male…
A
5600ml
3
Q
Functions of the blood
A
1) Major transport medium in the body
2) Hemostatic function
3) Hemeostatic function
4) Defensive function
4
Q
Blood acts as the carrier medium for many substances, such as…
A
Hormones, glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and end products of metabolism such as urea.
5
Q
Hemostatic function
A
Stoppage of bleeding when a blood vessel is injured.
6
Q
Homeostatic function
A
Keeping the composition of the internal environments constant.
7
Q
Blood composition
A
Plasma 55%
Blood cells 45%
8
Q
Plasma composition
A
1) Lipoproteins
2) Plasma Proteins
3) Crystalloids, such as NaCl
9
Q
Plasma proteins concentration in the plasma
A
6 - 8gm% ( or per 100ml) of plasma
10
Q
Average concentration of plasma proteins
A
7gm%
11
Q
Albumin plasma concentration
A
3.5 - 5.0 g/dL
12
Q
Globulins plasma concentration
A
2.7g/dL
13
Q
Fibrinogen plasma concentration
A
0.2 - 0.4 g/dL
14
Q
Prothrombin plasma concentration
A
0.16g/dL
15
Q
Albumin is …. in molecular weight.
A
Low in molecular weight
16
Q
Fibrinogen is …. in molecular weight.
A
High in molecular weight
17
Q
The plasma protein responsible for plasma viscosity…
A
Fibrinogen
18
Q
Site of synthesis of albumin
A
Liver
19
Q
Site of synthesis of globulins
A
50-80% of globulins
a and b and y
Synthesized in the liver
20-50% of the globulins
Gama y globulins in lymphoid tissues
Liver, spleen, bone marrow, and lymph nodes
20
Q
… Responsible for synthesizing gama globulins.
A
Plasma cells
21
Q
Osmotic pressure of plasma is by…
A
Albumin
22
Q
Defensive function is by…
A
Gama globulins
23
Q
Viscosity of plasma is by…
A
Fibrinogen
24
Q
Blood clotting is by…
A
Prothrombin and fibrinogen
25
Plasma protein functions
1) Osmotic pressure of plasma (specific)
2) Defensive function (specific)
3) Viscosity of plasma (specific)
4) Blood clotting (specific)
5) Buffering functions
6) Carrier functions
7) Regulation of capillary permeability
8) Diet reserve
26
Osmotic pressure is mainly produced by...
Albumin
27
Plasma protein exert... OP
Exert oncotic colloid osmotic pressure of about 28mmHg
28
The osmotic pressure plasma protein exerts moves water...
Pulls water inside capillaries
29
Osmotic pressure helps in...
The reabsorption of tissue fluid mainly at the venous end of the capillary and keeps the plasma volume.
30
Osmotic pressure at the venous end is...
Greater than the hydrostatic pressure.
31
Plasma proteins carry...
1) Vitamins, like B12
2) Minerals, iron and copper
3) Lipids, cholesterol and phospholipids
4) Hormones, thyroxin and cortisol
32
The carrying function of plasma proteins aids in...
The conservation of what it carries, prevents the loss of these substances in the urine.
33
Strong base in the buffering system
Na proteinate
34
Weak acid in the buffering system...
Protonic acid
35
The A/G ratio is calculated as...
A/G = albumin / globulin
36
Normal A/G ratio
1.1 - 2.5
Albumin is normally higher than globulin
37
High A/G ratio
>2.5
Increased albumin or decreased globulin
38
Low A/G ratio
<1.0
Decreased albumin or increased globulin
39
Decreased A/G ratio due to
1) Liver diseased
Issue in albumin production
2) Renal (kidney) disease
Loss of albumin in urine
3) Severe infections (Multiple myeloma)
Due to increase in y globin formation
40
Increased A/G ratio due to...
Globulin decreased due to
1) Congenital gamma globulinaemia
2) Leukemia
Some cancers suppress immune protein production
3) Corticosteroids
Suppress immune response
Albumin increased due to
Dehydration
Less plasma volume makes albumin concentration appear higher
41
Erythrocyte count in males
5.0-5.5 million/mm3
42
Erythrocyte count in females
4.5-5.5 million/mm3
43
Erythrocyte count in newborn
6.0-8.0 million/mm3
44
Erythrocyte count in children and elderly
3.5-4.5 million/mm3
45
High altitudes affect erythrocyte count...
Increase
46
Membrane of RBCs
Plastic semipermeable membrane, biconcave shape.
47
48
The main constituent of RBCs
Hb making up 34% of RBCs
49
Chief intracellular cation of RBCs
K+ Potassium
50
Enzyme that helps CO2 transportation
Carbonic anhydrase
51
RBCs obtain energy from
Anaerobic glycolysis
52
Hb count in males
14 - 18 gm/dl
53
Hb count in females
12 - 16 gm/dl
54
Hb count in newborns
18gm/dl
55
Hb count in children
12gm/dl
56
Iron containing red pigment which is present in RBCs
Hemoglobin Hb
57
Heme consists of
Protophyrin (4 pyrrole rings)
Fe+2
58
Hemoglobin consists of
1) Heme
2) 4 polypeptide chains
59
The 4 polypeptides chains consists of
2 alpha chain
2 beta chain
60
Hb A
Adult hemoglobin
61
Hb F
Fetal hemoglobin
62
Fetal hemoglobin has
A higher affinity for oxygen
63
Carboxy Hemoglobin
CO + Iron
64
Carbamino Hemoglobin
CO2 + protein
65
Met Hb
Ferric Fe+3
66
Oxy and reduced Hb
Ferrous Fe+2
67
Met Hb is
Unable to bind to oxygen well due to Fe+3
68
Abnormal Hb
Met Hb, Hs
69
Function of RBCs
The major function is to transport hemoglobin which in turn carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues
70
Life span of RBCs
120 days, then broken down in the spleen
71
Hematopoiesis
The formation of all cells
72
The mother of all cells
PHSC pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell
73
Erythropoietin
Stimulates erythropoiesis
74
Reticulocytes normally disappear within
1-2 days
75
The concentration of reticulocytes
Slightly less than 1%
76
Reticulocytosis
An increase in the number of reticulocytes in the bloodstream
77
Reticulocytosis is a marker of
Active bone marrow response to anemia and other conditions requiring increased RBC production.
78
Physiological causes of reticulocytosis
1) Recovery from anemia
(After treatment for iron deficiency, B12, or folate deficiency anemia)
2) High altitude adaptation
79
Pathological causes of reticulocytosis
1) Hemolytic anemia
(Sickle cell anemia, autoimmune hemolytic anemia)
2) Acute blood loss
3) Bone marrow recovery
(After aplastic anemia or chemotherapy)
80
Erythropoiesis
The process of new RBC production.
81
Erythropoiesis occurs in
The red bone marrow
82
Sites of erythropoiesis
1) Right after birth and the 3rd trimester
Bone marrow of all bones
2) After 20 years of age
Red bone marrow in membranous bones such as the vertebrae, sternum, ribs, and ilia
83
Increased demand for O2 =
(Hypoxia?)
Increase in RBC production
84
High demand for O2 in cases of
1) High altitudes
2) Increased demand for oxygen in athletes
3) Loss of RBCs, hemorrhage
4) Cardiopulmonary diseases, prolonged heart failure
85
The principal factor that stimulates RBCs production in low oxygen states is
The increased release of erythropoietin hormone from the kidneys
86
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In adults, 90% of erythropoietin is formed in
The kidneys
88
The remaining 10% of erythropoietin production is formed
In the liver
89
The pain stimulus for the release of erythropoietin
Hypoxia
90
Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, and androgens
Stimulate erythropoiesis
91
Cobalt causes
Increase in erythropoietin secretion
92
Alkalosis causes
Increase in erythropoietin secretion
93
Destruction of bone marrow by irradiation, chemicals, drugs, or bacterial toxins will lead to
Deficiency in ALL blood cells, a condition called aplastic anemia.
94
A healthy liver is essential for normal RBC formation because
It is the site of:
1) Formation of the globin portion of heme
2) Formation of 10% erythropoietin
3) Storage of iron and vitamin B12
95
Thyroid hormones, androgens, and glucocorticoids stimulate
Erythropoiesis, promote tissue metabolism
96
Proteins of high biological value
Animal protein, contain more essential AAs that are essential for erythropoiesis.
97
Iron is important for
The formation of hemoglobin and myoglobin.
98
Cobalt is
A part of vitamin B12 and it also stimulates erythropoietin secretion from the kidneys.
99
Gives color of stool
Bilirubin
100
Ferritin
Iron storage
101
Transferrin
Transports iron
102
Males excrete about ..... Of iron per day, mainly into the feces.
0.6mg
103
For women, average iron loss per day is
1.3mg/day
104
The organ responsible for controlling iron levels is
The intestine
105
When the body has become saturated with iron, all apoferritin in the iron storage is already combined with iron, the rate of additional iron absorption
From the intestinal tract becomes greatly decreased
106
Essential for erythropoiesis, especially for the maturation of RBCs and the formation of DNA
Vitamin B12 & Folic Acid
107
Source of vitamin B12
Animal source ONLY
108
Vitamin B12 amount required per day to maintain normal levels of RBCs
1-3 micrograms
109
The normal storage amount of B12 in the liver and other body tissues is
A 1000 times the daily amount needed
110
For maturation failure anemia to occur due to B12
3 to 4 years of defective B12 absorption are required
111
Vegans are more likely to get
B12 deficiency
112
Folic acid is
Easily destroy during cooking
113
People with gastrointestinal absorption abnormalities, such as frequently occurring small intestinal disease called sprue often have
Serious difficulties absorbing both folic acid and B12.
114
A common cause of maturation failure is
Deficiency of intestinal absorption of both folic acid and B12
115
Pregnancy can cause .... Deficiency
Folic acid deficiency, due to increased demand
116
Anti folate during, cytotoxic drugs, given in cancer treatment can cause
Folic acid deficiency
