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LYMPH&BLLOD > Physiology 3 > Flashcards

Physiology 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Anemia means

A

A deficiency in hemoglobin, below 14 in males & below 12 in females.
Can be caused by either a decreased number of RBCs or too little hemoglobin in the cells.

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2
Q

Acute blood loss example

A

Rapid hemorrhage

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3
Q

RBCs in acute blood loss anemia

A

RBCs normal shape, size, and hemoglobin content.

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4
Q

RBCs in chronic blood loss anemia

A

RBCs are small in size and little hemoglobin.
(Small RBCs due to iron deficiency)

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5
Q

Chronic blood loss examples

A

Peptic ulcers, bleeding piles, & uterine bleeding.

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6
Q

Aplastic anemia is due to

A

Lack of functioning bone marrow with a decrease in all blood cell production.
+Leukopenia

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7
Q

Aplastic anemia may result from

A

Exposure to X ray, gama ray radiation, industrial chemicals, or drugs.

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8
Q

Megaloblastic anemia is due to

A

Vitamin B12 deficiency, Folic Acid deficiency, or the intrinsic factor from the stomach mucosa.

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9
Q

Intrinsic factor is needed for

A

The transport of B12 to the intestine.
(Indirectly, the absorption)

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10
Q

Hemolytic anemia

A

Excessive destruction of RBCs due to different abnormalities.

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11
Q

Extrinsic hemolytic anemia

A

Type of anemia caused by the destruction of RBCs by external factors.

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12
Q

Common causes of external hemolytic anemia

A

1) Liver failure
2) Renal disorder
3) Hypersplenism
4) Burns
5) Infections like malaria, hepatitis, and septicemia
6) Drugs such as penicillin, antimalarial drugs, and sulfa drugs
7) Poisoning by chemical substances such as coal, lead, and tar
8) Presence of isoagglutinins like anti Rh
9) Autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and ulcerative colitis

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13
Q

Intrinsic hemolytic anemia

A

There is production of unhealthy RBCs, which are short lives and are destroyed soon.

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14
Q

Intrinsic disorders of RBCs

A

1) Membrane disorders
(Hereditary spherocytosis)

2) Hb disorders, hemoglobinopathies
(Sickle cell anemia and thalassemia)

3) Enzyme disorders
G6PD deficiency

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15
Q

Polycythemia means

A

Increased number of RBCs.

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16
Q

Polycythemia RBC count

A

6-8million/mm3

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17
Q

Effect of polycythemia on circulatory system

A

Increased blood viscosity, more liable to clotting

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18
Q

Effect of anemia on the circulatory system

A

Decrease in blood viscosity
Decrease in the resistance to blood flow
Increase in venous return to heart
Increase in cardiac output
Increase in the workload on the heart
… Acute heart failure

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19
Q

Red blood indices are

A

Blood tests that provide information about the hemoglobin content, concentration, and size of RBCs.

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20
Q

Abnormal values of red blood indices indicate

A

The presence of anemia and which type of anemia it is.

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21
Q

Mean cell/corpuscular volume
MCV

A

Measures the average volume of a single RBC.

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22
Q

MCV=

A

PCV / RBCs in millions X 10

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23
Q

Normal value of MCV

A

90±7

83-97

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24
Q

Erythrocytes with normal MCV

A

Normocytic anemia

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25
Erythrocytes with low MCV
Microcytic anemia
26
Erythrocytes with high MCV
Macrocytic anemia
27
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin MCH
Average amount of hemoglobin present in a single RBC.
28
MCH=
Hb / RBC in millions X 10
29
Normal value of MCH
30±3 27-33
30
MCH normal
Normochromic anemia
31
MCH low
Hypochromic anemia
32
MCH high
Hyperchromic anemia
33
Mean corpuscular Hb concentration MCHC
the ratio% of Hb concentration in a single RBC in relation to it's volume.
34
MHCH=
MCHC= hb / PCV X100 Or MCHC = MCH / MCV X100
35
Normal value of MCHC
30-36gm%
36
Low MHCH values are found in
Iron deficiency anemia and other anemias where cells are microcytic and hypochromic.
37
Increased MCHC can occur in
Marked spherocytosis
38
Normocytic normochromic anemia
Normal MCV Normal MCH Normal MCHC
39
Microcytic hypochromic anemia
Decreased MCV Decreased MCH Decreased MCHC
40
Macrocytic normochromic anemia
Increased MCV Increased MCH Normal MCHC
41
Count of WBCs
4,000 - 11,000/mm3
42
Average life span of granulocytes
4 - 5 days
43
Diapedesis is
The process by which leukocytes squeeze through narrow blood vessels.
44
Ameboid movement is
Neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes show amebic movement. Characterized by protrusion of the cytoplasm and change in the shape.
45
The attraction of WBCs towards the injured tissues by the chemical substances released at the site of injury...
Chemotaxis
46
Granular leukocytes are formed in
The bone marrow
47
Neutrophils % of total leukocytes
60 - 70%
48
Eosinophils % of total leukocytes
1 - 5%
49
Basophils % of total leukocytes
0.0 - 1.0%
50
Lymphocytes are formed in
Lymphoid tissues
51
Monocytes are formed in
Bone marrow
52
Lymphocytes % of total leukocytes
20-30%
53
Monocytes % of total leukocytes
3-8%
54
First line of defense against bacterial infections by phagocytosis
Neutrophils
55
Defense against parasites
Eosinophils
56
Decrease allergic reaction
Eosinophils
57
Synthesizes and liberates heparin into the blood
Basophils
58
Releases histamine for allergy
Basophils
59
T lymphocytes for cell mediated immunity and B lymphocytes to secrete antibodies
Lymphocytes
60
Phagocytosis of bacteria and old cells such as RBCs
Monocytes
61
Neutrophils can hold .... At a time.
About 15-20 microorganisms
62
Pus cells are
Dead Neutrophils
63
Whitish yellow fluid formed in the infected tissue by dead WBCs, bacteria, or foreign bodies and cellular debris
Pus
64
The precursors of tissue macrophages
Monocytes
65
Monocytes stay in the blood for
Only a few hours
66
Tissue macrophage in liver
Kupffer cells
67
Tissue macrophage in lungs
Alveolar macrophage
68
Tissue macrophage in spleen
Macrophage
69
WBC count in infants
20,000 per cu mm
70
WBC count in children
10,000 - 15,000 per cu mm
71
WBC count in adults
4,000 - 11,000 per cu mm
72
Sex effect on WBC
WBC count is slightly more in males than in females.
73
Leukopenia means
WBCs count is less than 4000/cmm
74
Causes of leukopenia
1) Anaphylactic shock 2) Cirrhosis of the liver 3) Disorders of the spleen 4) Pernicious anemia 5) Typhoid and paratyphoid 6) Viral infections
75
Leukocytosis means
WBCs count is more than 11,000/cmm
76
Causes of leukocytosis
1) Infections 2) Allergy 3) Common cold 4) TB 5) Glandular fever
77
Leukemia means
Abnormal increase in the number of WBCs, Cells are immature and undifferentiated.

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