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MSK ( A.S) > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the physiological function of the skeletal muscles

A 
Maintenance of posture 
Purposeful movement in relation to external environment 
Resp movement 
Heat production 
Contribution to whole body metabolism
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2
Q

What are skeletal muscle fibres organised into

A

Motor unit

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3
Q

What is the appearance of skeletal muscle

A

Striated

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4
Q

Where does ca2+ come from in skeletal muscle

A

Entirely from SR

** cardiac: from ECF AND SR

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5
Q

Features of skeletal muscle

A

Neurogenic initiation of contraction
Motor units
NMJ
No gap junctions

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6
Q

Features of Cardiac muscle

A

Myogenic
No NMJ
Gap junctions

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7
Q

What is the motor unit

A

A single alpha motor neurone and all the skeletal muscle fibres it innervates

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8
Q

What is a sarcomere

A

Functional unit

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9
Q

What is myofibril

A

A specialised intracellular structure

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10
Q

What is myocin

A

Thick filaments

Darker appearance

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11
Q

Actin

A

Thin filament

Lighter appearance

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12
Q

Where is the sarcomere found

A

Between two z lines

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13
Q

What does the skeletal muscle tension depend on

A

Number of muscle fibres contracting within the muscle

Tension developed by each contraction muscle fibre

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14
Q

What is Ca2+ required for in skeletal muscle

A

Switch on cross bridge formation
Ca2+ is the link between excitation and contraction
Ca2+ Is entirely from SA

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15
Q

What is ATP required for

A

For muscle contraction to power cross bridges

During relaxation to release cross bridges, to pump ca2+ back into the sr

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16
Q

What is the benefit of motor units

A

Allow for a simultaneous contraction

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17
Q

What are the 2 different types of contraction

A

Isotonic contraction

Isometric contraction

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18
Q

What is isotonic contraction

A

Muscle tension remains constant as the muscle length changes

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19
Q

What isometric contraction

A

Muscle tension develops at constant muscle length

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20
Q

What is the length of skeletal muscle at rest

A

Optimal length

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21
Q

Is a single twitch enough to bring about a good skeletal muscle activity

A

No
If it gets a 2nd before relaxation - you add them together
Maximal tetansic contraction can be a achieved when muscle is at optimal length

22
Q

What is the contractile component

A

Cross bridge cycling

23
Q

What is the elastic component

A

Muscle CT and tension

24
Q

Not all skeletal muscles are the same, what are the differences

A

The enzymatic pathways for ATP synthesis
The resistance to fatigue .. muscle fibres with greater capacity to synthesise ATP are most resistant to fatigue
The activity of myosin ATPase - this determines the speed at which energy is made available for cross bridge cycling ie the speed of contraction

25
Q

What are the metabolic pathways that supply ATP in muscle fibres

A

Transfer of high energy phosphates from creating phosphate to ADP - immediate source for ATP
Oxidative phosphorylation : main source when 02 is present
Glycolysis : main source when 02 is not present :)

26
Q

What are the 3 types of skeletal muscle fibres

A 
Slow oxidative ( type 1 fibres ) 
Fast oxidative ( type lla fibres ) 
Fast glycolytic ( type llx fibres) known as fast twitch fibres
27
Q

What is type I fibres

A

Known as slow twitch fibres

Used for prolonged relatively low work aerobics activities e.g. maintenance of posture , walking

28
Q

What are type lla fibres

A

Intermediate twitch fibres

Use both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism and use useful for Prolonged relatively moderate work e.g. jogging

29
Q

What are type IIx

A

Fast twitch fibres
Use anaerobic metabolism
used for short term high intensity activities e.g. jumping

30
Q

What spinal segment is in charge of knee jerk

A

L3, L4

31
Q

What spinal nerve is responsible for ankle jerk

A

S1, S2

32
Q

What spinal segment responsible for biceps jerks

A

C5, C6

33
Q

What spinal segment is responsible for brachioradialis

A

C5 , C6

34
Q

What spinal segment is responsible for triceps jerk

A

C6 - C7

35
Q

What peripheral nerve is responsible for knee jerk

A

Femoral nerve

36
Q

What peripheral nerve is responsible for ankle jerk

A

Tibial nerve

37
Q

What peripheral nerve is responsible for bicep jerk

A

Musculocutaneous nerve

38
Q

What peripheral nerve is responsible for triceps jerk

A

Radial nerve

39
Q

What are ordinary muscles fibres known as

A

Extrafusal fibres

40
Q

How does a impairment of skeletal muscle occur

A

Intrinsic disease of muscle
Disease of NMJ
Disease of lower motor neurons which supply the muscle
Disruption of input to motor nerve

41
Q

What are symptoms of muscle disease

A

Muscle weakness / tiredness
Delayed relaxation after voluntary contraction ( myotonia)
Muscle pain ( myalgia)
Muscle stiffness

42
Q

What are the ix of muscle disease

A 
Electromyography ( EMG) 
Nerve conduction studies
Muscle enzymes 
Inflammatory markers 
Muscle biopsy
43
Q

What does EMG do

A

Detect the presence of muscle activity
They record freq and amplitude of muscle fibres action potentials
Help differentiates primary muscle disease from muscle weakness caused by neurological disease

44
Q

What is the function of nerve conduction studies

A

Determine the functional integrity of peripheral nerve

45
Q

What is an muscle enzyme

A

Creatine kinase

46
Q

What are the inflammatory markers

A

C reactive protein, plasma viscosity

47
Q

Functions of synovial fluid

A

Fill the joint cavity
Replenished and absorbed by the synovial membrane
High viscosity
Contains a few cells - mononuclear, leukocytes

48
Q

What colour is synovial fluid

A

Clear and colourless

49
Q

Main functions of articular cartilage

A

Provides a low fraction lubriacted gliding surface. This helps prevent wear and tear of joints
Distibutes contact pressure to subchondral bone

50
Q

What can go wrong with a joint

A

Wear and tear - OA
Synovial cell proliferation and inflammation - RA
Deposition of salt crystals e.g. gout
Injury and inflammation of Peri articular structure cause soft tissue rheumatism

MSK ( A.S) (16 decks)

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