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ACVIM General by Sue > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Which part of the kidney does vasopressin work on?

A
  1. Distal convoluted tubule
  2. Collecting ducts
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2
Q

What clinical signs will you see with the lack of vasopressin production or lack of vasopressin action?

A

*Vasopressin’s main effect = anti-diuretic activity (

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3
Q

Pressure in pulmonary artery vs aorta

A

15mmHg pulmonary arterial pressure vs 100 mmHg in aortic P

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4
Q

2 most common causes of right axis shift of the mean electrical axis

A

right ventricular hypertrophy (Figure 5) and right bundle branch block (RBBB).

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5
Q

Differentiate RVH from RBBB on ECG

A

Right ventricular hypertrophy is associated with a normal duration QRS complex, while RBBB results in a prolonged QRS complex duration because of slow myocyte-to-myocyte conduction

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6
Q

How does LBBB change the MEA and QRS complex duration?

A

LBBB is characterized by a normal mean electrical axis with a prolonged QRS complex duration

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7
Q

3 types of rhythm without p waves

A
  1. Atrial standstill (4 criteria - no p, slow, regular, supraventricular QRS)
  2. Atrial fibrillation (4 criteria - no p, fast, irregular, supraventricular QRS)
  3. Sinus arrest (no sinus complex for 2 R-R interval)
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8
Q

What antagonizes angiotensin II?

A

ANP

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9
Q

What causes hyperkinetic and hypokinetic pulses?

A

Hyperkinetic: PDA, AI, stress, HyperT4 • Hypokinetic: SAS, Pericardial disease, DCM, CHF, shock

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10
Q

chemotherapy drugs crosses BBB/reaches therapeutic concentrations

A

Cytosar
CCNU
hydroxyurea

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11
Q

How does MM interfere w. Platelet function?

A

Hyperparaproteinemia interferes with platelet adhesion, activation, aggregation

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12
Q

Most common Primary and Secondary brain tumor

A

Primary: meningioma
Secondary: HSA

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13
Q

Gastric tumor assoc. w. Hypoglycemia

A

Leiomyosarcoma

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14
Q

Cyclophosphamide side effects

A

Acrolein
Hemorrhagic sterile cystitis
Given with furosemide
Mesna

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15
Q

Side effects vincristine

A

Vincristine- GI ileus, neurotoxicity, peripheral neuropathy

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16
Q

Which infectious dz can look like CD8 T-cell leukemia on flow cytometry?

A

Ehrlichiosis

17
Q

Hyperkinetic pulses

A

AI, PDA

18
Q

Life cycle of babesia, toxoplasma, cytauxzoon

A

a. Babesia- merozoites burst out of RBC and cause disease b. Toxoplasma – the sporozoites cause infection via placenta c. Cytauxzoon- schizonts cause blockage of vessels

19
Q

Metronomic chemotherapy

A

Inhibits T-reg
Inhibits DNA replication

20
Q

Heinz bodies

A

Intacellular hemoglobin aggregation, signifies oxidative changes (onion, acetaminophen, zinc)

Different from Howell-jolly bodies - micronuclei

21
Q

Tumor lysis syndrome

A

hyperK, hyperP, hyperuricemia
Hypocalcemia

22
Q

Which aa stimulates insulin secretion?

A

leucine, isoleucine, alanine, and arginine

23
Q

main nutrient for enterocytes

A

glutamine

24
Q

pimobendan MOA

A

INODILATOR
1) Increase contractility by sensitizing cardiomyocytes (troponin C) to Ca
2) Vasodilation through PDE3 inhibitor activity

25
Q

Digoxin side effect

A

Narrow therapeutic index
GI signs
Use in caution with patients with kidney disease
Use in caution in herding breeds/MDR1

26
Q

Digoxin drug interaction

A

Some drugs may decrease digoxin levels (antacids, kaopectate, certain chemotherapy drugs, metoclopramide)

Some drugs may increase digoxin levels (erythromycin, clarithromycin, tetracycline, spironolactone, traconazole, alprazolam)

27
Q

Digoxin MOA

A

Increase contractility: Inhibits Na-K-ATPase pump –> increase Na/Ca exchange –> increase Ca intracellular –> increase contractility

Reduce HR: Parasympathetomimetic –> slow AV conduction –> reduce HR

28
Q

Diazoxide MOA

A

Thiazide with no diuretic activity.
It slows release of insulin from pancreas.
Used for hypoglycemia.

29
Q

What is streptozosin used for?

A

Streptozocin is an antitumor ab used for the treatment of metastatic islet cell carcinoma of the pancreas

30
Q

Differentiate intravascular vs extravascular hemolysis.

A

Intravascular hemolysis: presence of hemoglobinemia/hemoglobinuria
Extravascular hemolysis: no hemoglobinemia/hemoglobinuria

31
Q

Endocrine pancreatic cells and secretions

A

Alpha (20%) - glucagon
Beta (70%) - insulin
Delta (10%) - somatostatin

32
Q

What hormones antagonize glucagon?

A

Insulin and somatostatin

Note:
Insulin antagonizes glucagon

Somatostatin antagonizes insulin and glucagon

Glucagon - insulin - somatostatin

33
Q

What is glucagon used for?

A

Gluconeogenesis
Glycogenolysis
Lipolysis
Increase satiety

34
Q

What hormones do somatostatin antagonize?

A

Insulin
Glucagon
Growth hormone
Parietal cell to stop H secretion
Gastrin from G cells
Histamine from ECL cells

35
Q

Treatment for polycythemia Vera

A

Hydroxyurea (anti metabolite)- interferes with DNA synthesis via inhibition of thymidine

ACVIM General by Sue (10 decks)

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